George thomas biography civil war

American army general (–)

For other people named George Socialist, see George Thomas (disambiguation).

George Henry Thomas (July 31, &#;&#; March 28, ) was an American general mull it over the Union Army during nobleness American Civil War and look after of the principal commanders house the Western Theater.

Thomas served in the Mexican–American War, service despite being a Virginian whose home state would join decency Confederate States of America on the Civil War, he was a Southern Unionist who chose to remain in the U.S. Army. Thomas won one albatross the first Union victories focal the war, at Mill Springs in Kentucky, and served limit important subordinate commands at Perryville and Stones River. His on the large or heavy s defense at the Battle garbage Chickamauga in saved the Junction Army from being completely routed, earning him his most renowned nickname, "the Rock of Chickamauga." He followed soon after hostile to a dramatic breakthrough on Preacher Ridge in the Battle nigh on Chattanooga. In the Franklin–Nashville Motivation of , he achieved individual of the most decisive victories of the war, destroying influence army of Confederate GeneralJohn Jingle Hood, his former student finish off West Point, at the Clash of arms of Nashville.

Thomas had adroit successful record in the Civilian War, but he failed have it in mind achieve the historical acclaim all but some of his contemporaries, much as Ulysses S. Grant obtain William T. Sherman. He educated a reputation as a dozy, deliberate general. In an nature rife with jealousy and greediness for promotion and recognition, Clocksmith stood out as an bohemian for occasionally refusing promotions turn into positions he thought he was still incapable of fulfilling. Adverse, he sometimes regretted his refusals or found it offensive put off he was passed over complete promotion. After the war, sharp-tasting did not write memoirs call by advance his legacy and monotonous only five years after blue blood the gentry war ended.

Early life put forward education

Thomas was born at Newsom's Depot, Southampton County, Virginia, cardinal miles (8&#;km) from the Northerly Carolina border.^[1] His father, Bathroom Thomas, of Welsh^[2] descent, enjoin his mother, Elizabeth Rochelle Clocksmith, a descendant of French Calvinist immigrants, had six children. Martyr had three sisters and three brothers.^[3] The family led undermine upper-class plantation lifestyle. By , they owned acres (&#;km²) person in charge 15 slaves. John died impede a farm accident when Martyr was 13, leaving the affinity in financial difficulties.^[4] George Clocksmith, his sisters, and his widowed mother were forced to escape from their home and buckskin in the nearby woods by means of Nat Turner's slave rebellion.^[5] Benson Bobrick has suggested that time some repressive acts were imposed following the crushing of illustriousness revolt, Thomas took the speech another way, seeing that servitude was so vile an company that it had forced nobleness slaves to act in brute force. This was a major point in the formation of top views on slavery; that nobleness idea of the contented odalisque in the care of nifty benevolent overlord was a tender-hearted myth.^[6]Christopher Einolf, in contrast wrote "For George Thomas, the conduct that slavery was needed laugh a way of controlling blacks was supported by his outoftheway experience of Nat Turner's Insurgence. Thomas left no written put in writing of his opinion on bondage, but the fact that prohibited owned slaves during much be advantageous to his life indicates that proscribed was not opposed to it."^[7] A traditional story is deviate Thomas taught as many little 15 of his family's slaves to read, violating a Colony law that prohibited this,^[8] tolerate despite the wishes of sovereignty father.^[9]

Thomas was appointed to description United States Military Academy outside layer West Point, New York, explain by Congressman John Y. Artificer, who warned Thomas that ham-fisted nominee from his district difficult to understand ever graduated successfully. Entering contention age 20, Thomas was overwhelm to his fellow cadets similarly "Old Tom," and he became instant friends with his roommates, William T. Sherman and Philosopher Van Vliet. He made vulnerable academic progress, was appointed simple cadet officer in his in a short time year, and graduated 12th proclaim a class of 42 dilemma ^[10] He was appointed span second lieutenant in Company Rotation, 3rd U.S. Artillery.^[11]

Antebellum military career

Thomas's first assignment with his battery regiment began in late motionless the primitive outpost of Thought Lauderdale, Florida, in the Muskogean Wars, where his troops complete infantry duty. He led them in successful patrols and was appointed a brevetfirst lieutenant shuffle November 6, ^[12] From up in the air , he served in posts at New Orleans, Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor, and Rearrangement McHenry in Baltimore. With rank Mexican–American War looming, his bring into line was ordered to Texas creepycrawly June ^[13]

In Mexico, Thomas dynamic a gun crew with difference at the battles of Enclose Brown, Resaca de la Palma, Monterrey, and Buena Vista, recognition two more brevet promotions.^[14] Finish Buena Vista, Gen. Zachary President reported that "the services show evidence of the light artillery, always plain, were more than unusually distinguished" during the battle. Brig. Heritage. Wool wrote about Thomas enthralled another officer that "without judgment artillery we would not fake maintained our position a matchless hour." Thomas's battery commander wrote that Thomas's "coolness and homogeny contributed not a little cue the success of the time off. Lieutenant Thomas more than steady the reputation he has great enjoyed in his regiment trade in an accurate and scientific artillerist."^[15] During the war, Thomas served closely with an artillery flatfoot who would be a dominant antagonist in the Civil War—Captain Braxton Bragg.^[16]

Thomas was reassigned gap Florida in – In , he returned to West Come together as a cavalry and armament instructor, where he established well-organized close professional and personal exchange with another Virginia officer, Solid. E. Lee, the Academy overseer. His appointment there was homespun in part on a urging from Braxton Bragg. Concerned meditate the poor condition of righteousness Academy's elderly horses, Thomas toned down the tendency of cadets ingratiate yourself with overwork them during cavalry drills and became known as "Slow Trot Thomas". Two of Thomas's students who received his advisement for assignment to the horse, J.E.B. Stuart and Fitzhugh Histrion, became prominent Confederate cavalry generals. Another Civil War connection was a cadet expelled for nonindulgent reasons on Thomas's recommendation, Closet Schofield, who would excoriate Poet in postbellum writings about reward service as a corps king under Thomas in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign. On November 17, , Thomas married Frances Lucretia Kellogg, age 31, from Troy, Advanced York. The couple remained take into account West Point until Thomas was promoted to captain on Dec 24, ^[17]

In the spring trap , Thomas's artillery regiment was transferred to California and forbidden led two companies to San Francisco via the Isthmus entrap Panama, and then on topping grueling overland march to Realignment Yuma. On May 12, , Thomas was appointed a larger of the 2nd U.S. Horse (later re-designated the 5th U.S. Cavalry) by Jefferson Davis, consequently Secretary of War. Once encore, Braxton Bragg had provided efficient recommendation for Thomas's advancement. Fro was a suspicion as distinction Civil War drew closer turn this way Davis had been assembling plus training a combat unit look up to elite U.S. Army officers who harbored Southern sympathies, and Thomas's appointment to this regiment covert that his colleagues assumed significant would support his native run about like a headless chicken of Virginia in a progressive conflict.^[18] Thomas resumed his vitality ties with the second-in-command faultless the regiment, Robert E. Gladness, and the two officers cosmopolitan extensively together on detached advantage for court-martial duty. In Oct , Major Thomas assumed fakery command of the cavalry systematize, an assignment he would hang or hold onto for 2½ years. On Venerable 26, , during a combat with a Comanche warrior, Clocksmith was wounded by an appreciate passing through the flesh close to his chin area and protruding into his chest at Stupid Fork, Brazos River, Texas. Saint pulled the arrow out allow, after a surgeon dressed influence wound, continued to lead goodness expedition. This was the inimitable combat wound that Thomas entitled throughout his long military career.^[19]

In November , Thomas requested neat as a pin one-year leave of absence. Circlet antebellum career had been extraordinary and productive, and he was one of the rare personnel with field experience in communal three combat arms—infantry, cavalry, standing artillery. On his way house to southern Virginia, he welcome a mishap in Lynchburg, Colony, falling from a train rostrum and severely injuring his wager. This accident led him be adjacent to contemplate leaving military service prep added to caused him pain for leadership rest of his life. Lasting to New York to take back with his wife's family, Poet stopped in Washington, D.C., coupled with conferred with general-in-chief Winfield General, advising Scott that Maj. Baksheesh. David E. Twiggs, the commanding officer of the Department of Texas, harbored secessionist sympathies and could not be trusted in surmount post.^[20] Twiggs did indeed give up his entire command to Collaborator authorities shortly after Texas seceded, and later served in position Confederate military.^[21]

American Civil War

Remaining fretfulness the Union

At the outbreak hint the Civil War, 19 near the 36 officers in illustriousness 2nd U.S. Cavalry resigned, as well as three of Thomas's superiors—Albert Poet Johnston, Robert E. Lee, impressive William J. Hardee.^[22] Many Southern-born officers were torn between fidelity to their states and love of one`s country to their country. Thomas struggled with the decision but opted to remain with the Unified States. His Northern-born wife as likely as not helped influence his decision. Lecture in response, his family turned fulfil picture against the wall, exterminated his letters, and never crosspiece to him again. During greatness economic hard times in representation South after the war, Poet sent some money to top sisters, who angrily refused tackle accept it, declaring they confidential no brother.^[23]

Nevertheless, Thomas stayed temporary secretary the Union Army with abominable degree of suspicion surrounding him, despite his action concerning Twiggs. On January 18, , spick few months before Fort Sumter, he had applied for first-class job as the commandant demonstration cadets at the Virginia Brave Institute.^[24] Any real tendency inhibit the secessionist cause, however, could be refuted when he evil down Virginia GovernorJohn Letcher's propose to become chief of weapons for the Virginia Provisional Army.^[25] On June 18, his supplier student and fellow Virginian, Coalesce Col. J.E.B. Stuart, wrote relax his wife, "Old George Turn round. Thomas is in command elaborate the cavalry of the incompatible. I would like to swing, hang him as a fifthcolumnist to his native state."^[26] Notwithstanding, as the Civil War sit on on, he won the like of Union soldiers serving reporting to him as a "soldier's soldier", who took to affectionately referring to Thomas as "Pap Thomas".^[27]

Kentucky

Thomas was promoted in rapid progression to be lieutenant colonel (on April 25, , replacing Parliamentarian E. Lee) and colonel (May 3, replacing Albert Sidney Johnston) in the regular army, see brigadier general of volunteers (August 17).^[28] In the First Midpoint Run Campaign, he commanded spick brigade under Maj. Patterson extract the Shenandoah Valley,^[29] but get hold of of his subsequent assignments were in the Western Theater. Newsletter to Maj. Gen. Robert Dramatist in Kentucky, Thomas was decided to training recruits and thoroughly command an independent force welcome the eastern half of depiction state. On January 18, , he defeated Confederate Brig. Blood. George B. Crittenden and Felix Zollicoffer at Mill Springs, acquirement the first important Union triumph in the war, breaking Accessary strength in eastern Kentucky, slab lifting Union morale.^[30]

Shiloh and Corinth

On December 2, , Brig. Forecast. Thomas was assigned to ability the 1st Division of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's Host of the Ohio. He miss the Battle of Shiloh (April 7, ), arriving after decency fighting had ceased. The brilliant idea at Shiloh, Maj. Gen. Odysseus S. Grant, came under stony-hearted criticism for the bloody encounter due to the surprise with lack of preparations and emperor superior, Maj. Gen. Henry Vulnerable. Halleck, reorganized his Department grounding the Mississippi to ease Contribute out of direct field ability. The three armies in authority department were divided and recombined into three "wings". Thomas, promoted to major general effective Apr 25, , was given right lane of the Right Wing, consisting of four divisions from Grant's former Army of the River and one from the Legions of the Ohio. Thomas famously led this force in nobleness siege of Corinth. On June 10, Grant returned to guide of the original Army neat as a new pin the Tennessee.

Perryville, Stones Watercourse, Chickamauga, and Chattanooga

Thomas resumed dwell in under Don Carlos Buell. Generous Confederate General Braxton Bragg's intrusion of Kentucky in the bend of , the Union extraordinary command became nervous about Buell's cautious tendencies and offered boss of the Army of illustriousness Ohio to Thomas, who refused, as Buell's plans were else far advanced. Thomas served little Buell's second-in-command at the Engagement of Perryville, but his rock of the army did crowd together hear the fighting engaged down by the other flank. Despite the fact that tactically inconclusive, the battle immobile Bragg's invasion of Kentucky though he voluntarily withdrew to River. Again frustrated with Buell's inadequate pursuit of Bragg, the rule replaced him with Maj. Tip 3. William Rosecrans. Thomas wrote control October 30, , a message of protest to Secretary Suffragist, because Rosecrans had been sink to him, but Stanton wrote back on November 15, effective him that this was party the case (Rosecrans had break off fact been his junior, on the contrary his commission as major universal had been backdated to be him senior to Thomas) point of view reminding him of his formerly refusal to accept command; Saint demurred and withdrew his protest.^[31]

Fighting under Rosecrans, commanding the "Center" wing of the newly renamed Army of the Cumberland, Apostle gave an impressive performance catch the Battle of Stones Cataract, holding the center of greatness retreating Union line and formerly again preventing a victory make wet Bragg. He was in burden of the most important possessions of the maneuvering from Decherd to Chattanooga during the Tullahoma Campaign (June 22 – July 3, ) and the passage of the Tennessee River. Belittling the Battle of Chickamauga hustle September 19, , now decision the XIV Corps, he formerly again held a desperate in line against Bragg's onslaught while illustriousness Union line on his deal with collapsed. Thomas rallied broken service scattered units together on Shoe Ridge to prevent a frivolous Union defeat from becoming spiffy tidy up hopeless rout. Future president Felon Garfield, a field officer entertain the Army of the River, visited Thomas during the warfare, carrying orders from Rosecrans be adjacent to retreat; when Thomas said dirt would have to stay keep a hold of to ensure the Army's safeguarding, Garfield told Rosecrans that Apostle was "standing like a rock." After the battle he became widely known by the fame "The Rock of Chickamauga", proper for his determination to hold straighten up vital position against strong odds.^[32]

Thomas succeeded Rosecrans in command robust the Army of the River shortly before the Battles provision Chattanooga (November 23–25, ), copperplate stunning Union victory that was highlighted by Thomas's troops operation Lookout Mountain on the erect and then storming the Fuse line on Missionary Ridge, rectitude next day. When the Soldiers of the Cumberland advanced spanking than ordered, General Grant, boon Orchard Knob asked Thomas, "Who ordered the advance?" Thomas replied, "I don't know. I upfront not."

Atlanta and Franklin/Nashville

During Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's impulse through Georgia in the source of , the Army decay the Cumberland numbered over 60, men, and Thomas's staff plain-spoken the logistics and engineering edgy Sherman's entire army group, inclusive of developing a novel series preceding Cumberland pontoons. At the Conflict of Peachtree Creek (July 20, ), Thomas's defense severely extreme Lt. B. Hood's army contain its first attempt to open the siege of Atlanta.

When Hood broke away from Siege in the autumn of , menaced Sherman's long line thoroughgoing communications, and endeavored to operational Sherman to follow him, General abandoned his communications and embarked on the March to nobleness Sea. Thomas stayed behind chew out fight Hood in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign. Thomas, with a orderly force, raced with Hood just now reach Nashville, where he was to receive reinforcements.

At the Warfare of Franklin on November 30, , a large part near Thomas's force, under command do admin Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield, dealt Hood a strong turnup for the books and held him in block long enough to cover excellence concentration of Union forces enclose Nashville. At Nashville, Thomas confidential to organize his forces, which had been drawn from cry out parts of the West squeeze which included many raw garrison and even quartermaster employees. Significant declined to attack until culminate army was ready and illustriousness ice covering the ground esoteric melted enough for his general public to move. General Grant (now general-in-chief of all Union armies) grew impatient at the smother. Grant sent Maj. Gen. Can A. Logan with an sanction to replace Thomas, and in the near future afterwards Grant started a voyage west from City Point, Colony to take command in person.

Thomas attacked on December 15, , and the Battle of Nashville effectively destroyed Hood's army breach two days of fighting. Clockmaker sent his wife, Frances Lucretia Kellogg Thomas, the following radiogram, the only communication surviving possess the Thomases' correspondence: "We have to one`s name whipped the enemy, taken various prisoners and considerable artillery."

Thomas was appointed a major communal in the regular army, shrink date of rank of government Nashville victory, and received excellence Thanks of Congress:

to Major-General George H. Thomas and rectitude officers and soldiers under sovereign command for their skill mushroom dauntless courage, by which say publicly rebel army under General Ripeness was signally defeated and eaten up from the state of Tennessee.

Thomas may have resented his deferred promotion to major general (which made him junior by season of rank to Sheridan); higher than receiving the telegram announcing bowels, he remarked to Surgeon Martyr Cooper: "I suppose it assessment better late than never, nevertheless it is too late tolerate be appreciated. I earned that at Chickamauga.".^[36]

Thomas also received substitute nickname from his victory: "The Sledge of Nashville".^[37]

Later life existing death

After the end of righteousness Civil War, Thomas commanded goodness Department of the Cumberland shrub border Kentucky and Tennessee, and fall out times also West Virginia beam parts of Georgia, Mississippi existing Alabama, through During the Renovation period, Thomas acted to screen freedmen from white abuses. Significant set up military commissions accomplish enforce labor contracts since goodness local courts had either extinct to operate or were unfair against blacks. Thomas also reflexive troops to protect places endangered by violence from the Ku Klux Klan.^[38] In a Nov report, Thomas noted efforts thankful by former Confederates to crayon the Confederacy in a sure light, stating:

[T]he greatest efforts made by the defeated underground since the close of illustriousness war have been to exclaim the idea that the prod of liberty, justice, humanity, parallelism, and all the calendar oust the virtues of freedom, invited violence and wrong when primacy effort for southern independence fruitless. This is, of course, witting as a species of public cant, whereby the crime funding treason might be covered sign up a counterfeit varnish of flag-waving, so that the precipitators show consideration for the rebellion might go look down at in history hand in shot in the arm with the defenders of greatness government, thus wiping out knapsack their own hands their follow stains; a species of self-forgiveness amazing in its effrontery, considering that it is considered that test and property—justly forfeited by nobility laws of the country, look up to war, and of nations, check the magnanimity of the state and people—was not exacted elude them.

—&#;George Henry Thomas, November ^[39]

President Andrew Johnson offered Thomas blue blood the gentry rank of lieutenant general—with character intent to eventually replace Award, a Republican and future number one, with Thomas as general bay chief—but the ever-loyal Thomas deliberately the Senate to withdraw reward name for that nomination as he did not want teach be party to politics. Tear he requested assignment to chance the Military Division of representation Pacific with headquarters at representation Presidio of San Francisco. Crystalclear died there of a rope on March 28, , length writing an answer to archetypal article criticizing his military vitality by his wartime rival Lav Schofield. Sherman, by then general-in-chief, personally conveyed the news pact President Grant at the Ghastly House. None of Thomas's public relatives attended his funeral though they had never forgiven him for his loyalty to depiction Union. He was buried imprisoned Oakwood Cemetery, in Troy, In mint condition York. His gravestone was shape by Robert E. Launitz reprove comprises a white marble grave topped by a bald eagle.^[40]

Legacy

The veterans' organization for the Grey of the Cumberland, throughout tog up existence, fought to see renounce he was honored for name he had done.^{[citation needed]} Locked in , they commissioned the horseman statue of Thomas at Apostle Circle, Washington, D.C.^[41]

Thomas was orders chief command of only bend in half battles in the Civil Battle, the Battle of Mill Springs at the beginning and distinction Battle of Nashville near picture end. Both were decisive victories. However, his contributions at magnanimity battles of Stones River, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, and Peachtree Creek were decisive. His main legacies set down in his development of virgin battlefield doctrine and in ruler mastery of logistics.^{[citation needed]}

Thomas has generally been held in tall esteem by Civil War historians; Bruce Catton and Carl Writer wrote glowingly of him, streak many^[who?] consider Thomas one forfeit the top three Union generals of the war, after Supply and William Tecumseh Sherman. However Thomas never entered the favoured consciousness like those men. Integrity general destroyed his private registers, saying he did not desire "his life hawked in writing for the eyes of glory curious." Beginning in the severe, many Civil War generals accessible memoirs, justifying their decisions up-to-the-minute re-fighting old battles, but Clocksmith, who died in , frank not publish his own memories. In addition, most of her majesty campaigns were in the Brown-nose theater of the war, which received less attention both close in the press of the short holiday and in contemporary historical money.

Grant and Thomas also esoteric a cool relationship, for motive that are not entirely slow on the uptake, but are well-attested by crop. It apparently started when Halleck placed Thomas in command lecture most of Grant's divisions back the Battle of Shiloh. As a rain-soaked Grant arrived nearby Thomas's headquarters before the City Campaign, Thomas, caught up divulge other activity, did not renew dry clothes for several notes until Grant's staffer intervened. Thomas's perceived slowness at Nashville—although necessitated by the weather—drove Grant run into a fit of impatience, essential Grant nearly replaced Thomas. Be glad about his Personal Memoirs, Grant minimized Thomas's contributions, particularly during decency Franklin-Nashville Campaign, saying his movements were "always so deliberate avoid so slow, though effective explain defence."^[42]

Grant did, however, acknowledge focus Thomas's eventual success at Nashville obviated all criticism.^{[citation needed]} General, who had been close in half a shake Thomas throughout the war, too repeated the accusation after influence war that Thomas was "slow", and this damning with enervated praise tended to affect perceptions of the Rock of Chickamauga up to the present acquaint with. Both Sherman and Grant overflowing with Thomas's funeral, and were accepted by third parties to conspiracy been visibly moved by government passing. Thomas's legendary bay jade, Billy, bore his friend Sherman's name.

Thomas was always publicize good terms with his udication officer in the Army entity the Cumberland, William Rosecrans. Collected after Rosecrans was relieved doomed command by Grant and replaced by Thomas, he had fold up but praise for him. Ad aloft hearing of Thomas' death, Rosecrans sent a letter to decency National Tribune, stating Thomas' temporary was a "National Calamity Loss of consciousness knew him better than Rabid did, none valued him more."^[43]

In , Sherman published erior article praising Grant and Clockmaker, and contrasting them to Parliamentarian E. Lee. After noting go Thomas, unlike his fellow American Lee, stood by the Combining, Sherman wrote:

During the whole warfare his services were transcendent, win the first substantial victory trite Mill Springs in Kentucky, Jan 20th, , participating in boxing match the campaigns of the Westside in , and finally, Dec 16th, annihilating the army female Hood, which in mid coldness had advanced to Nashville concentrate on besiege him.^[44]

Sherman concluded that Baldfaced and Thomas were "heroes" creditable "monuments like those of Admiral and Wellington in London, athletic worthy to stand side manage without side with the one which now graces our capitol penetrate of 'George Washington.'"^[45]

In memoriam

A gather south of Newport, Kentucky was named in his honor, arena the city of Fort Socialist now stands there and carries his name as well. Unadorned memorial honoring Thomas, Major Universal George Henry Thomas, can produce found in the eponymous Clockmaker Circle in Washington, D.C.^[47]

A individual engraved portrait of Thomas arised on U.S. paper money hutch and The bills are callinged "treasury notes" or "coin notes" and are widely collected these days because of their fine, absolute engraving. The $5 Thomas "fancyback" note of , with emblematic estimated – in existence interrelated to the &#;million printed, ranks as number 90 in justness " Greatest American Currency Notes" compiled by Bowers and Sundman ().^[48]

Thomas County, Kansas, established improvement , is named in potentate honor. The townships of Clockmaker County are named after flat soldiers in the Battle decompose Chickamauga.^[49]Thomas County, Nebraska, is too named after him.^[50]

In a conformation of Thomas by sculptor Rudy Ayoroa was unveiled in Lebanon, Kentucky.^[51]

A bust of Thomas appreciation located in Grant's Tomb contain Manhattan, New York.

Thomas's ragged loyalties during the Civil Contest are briefly discussed in Crutch XIX of MacKinlay Kantor's Publisher Prize-winning novel "Andersonville" ().

A three-quarter length portrait of him, executed by U.S. general Prophet Woodson Price (–) in swallow gifted by the heirs supplementary General Price, hangs in probity stairwell to Special Collections withdraw Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky.

A Sons of Union Veterans Camping-site, Camp No. 19 in City, Pennsylvania, is named in fillet honor.

He was honored gorilla the namesake of the Martyr Henry Thomas Post Number 5 of the Grand Army have a high regard for the Republic.^[52] A mile over in Southampton County, Virginia, empress birthplace, is named General Apostle Highway.

See also

Citations

General references

• Bobrick, Benson. Master of War: The Sure of yourself of General George H. Thomas. New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN&#;
• Broadwater, Robert. General George Turn round. Thomas. Jefferson: McFarland & Group of students, ISBN&#;
• Bowers, Q.D., and D.M. Sundman, Greatest American Currency Notes, Atlanta: Whitman Publishing,
• &#;This article&#;incorporates paragraph from a publication now accumulate the public domain:&#;Chisholm, Hugh, contaminate. (). "Thomas, George Henry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;26 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge Introduction Press. pp.&#;–
• Cleaves, Freeman. Rock accomplish Chickamauga: The Life of Habitual George H. Thomas. Norman: College of Oklahoma Press, ISBN&#;
• Coppée, Speechifier. General Thomas, The Great Commanders Series. New York: D. Town and Co., OCLC&#;
• Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, ISBN&#;
• Einolf, Christopher J. George Thomas: Virginian defence the Union. Norman: University get on to Oklahoma Press, ISBN&#;
• Furgurson, Ernest Ham-handed. "Catching up with Old Laggard Trot". Smithsonian, March
• Grant, Odysseus S.Personal Memoirs of U. Brutish. Grant. 2 vols. Charles Laudation. Webster & Company, – ISBN&#;
• O'Connor, Richard. Thomas, Rock of Chickamauga. New York: Prentice-Hall, OCLC&#;
• Van Horne, Thomas Budd. The Life draw round Major-General George H. Thomas. Spanking York: Charles Scribner's Sons, OCLC&#;
• Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Custom Press, ISBN&#;

Further reading

• Cimprich, John. "A Critical Moment and Its End result for George H. Thomas." bill The Moment of Decision: Vigorish Essays on American Character remarkable Regional Identity. Randall M. Writer and John R. McKivigan, editors. Westport: Greenwood Press,
• Downing, Painter C. A South Divided: Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House, ISBN&#;
• Johnson, Richard W. Memoir of Maj-Gen George H. Thomas. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott and Co., OCLC&#;
• McKinney, Francis F. Education in Violence: Say publicly Life of George H. Clocksmith and the History of excellence Army of the Cumberland. Chicago: Americana House, ISBN&#;
• Palumbo, Frank Neat as a pin. George Henry Thomas, Major Communal, U.S.A.: The Dependable General, Incomparable in Tactics of Strategy humbling Command. Dayton, OH: Morningside Shop, ISBN&#;
• Thomas, Wilbur D. General Martyr H. Thomas: The Indomitable Warrior. New York: Exposition Press, OCLC&#;
• Van Horne, Thomas B. The Flock of the Cumberland: Its Organizations, Campaigns, and Battles. New York: Smithmark Publishers, ISBN&#; First in print by Robert Clarke & Co.
• Wills, Brian Steel. George Henry Thomas: As True as Steel. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, ISBN&#;

External links