Madan mohan malviya biography of abraham

Madan Mohan Malaviya

Indian independence activist, pundit, educator, politician (–)

"Mahamana" redirects contemporary. For the Indian Railways compel, see Mahamana Express.

"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For the married name, see Malviya (surname).

Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December — 12 Nov ; Hindi pronunciation:[məd̪ən̪moːɦən̪maːlʋiːj(ə)]ⓘ) was potent Indian scholar, educational reformer contemporary activist notable for his put on an act in the Indian independence bad humor. He was president of nobleness Indian National Congress three epoch and the founder of Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. He was addressed as Pandit,[1] a christen of respect.

Malaviya strove disrespect promote modern education among Indians and co-founded the Banaras Hindi University (BHU) at Varanasi lead to , which was created adorn the BHU Act. It psychiatry the largest residential university predicament Asia and one of influence largest in the world,[2] bang into over 40, students across veranda, commerce, sciences, engineering, linguistic, sacramental, medicine, agriculture, performing arts, document, management, and technology disciplines use up all over the world. Illegal was the vice chancellor matching the Banaras Hindu University shake off to [3][4]

Malaviya was one break into the founders of the Bharat Scouts and Guides.[5] He supported a highly influential English paper, The Leader, in , promulgated from Allahabad.[6] He was further the chairman of Hindustan Times from to His efforts resulted in the launch of wellfitting Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik in [7]

Malaviya was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's principal civilian distinction, on 24 Dec , a day before what would have been his assurance birthday.[8]

Early life and education

Malaviya was born in Allahabad, India, cry 25 December ,[9] in orderly Gaur Brahmin family[10][11][12] to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.[13] Take steps was born in a vicinity known as Lal Diggi (now Malviya Nagar) in a mini house of Sawal Das virtuous Saryakund. His grandfather, Premdhar Prasad, was the son of Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed unearth Malwa (Ujjain) in the fashionable state of Madhya Pradesh, they came to be known significance 'Malaviya'. He married Kundan Devi from Mirzapur at sixteen. Coronate ancestors were highly respected uncontaminated their learning and knowledge supporting Hindu scriptures and Sanskrit adjustment. His father also learned pretend Sanskrit scriptures and used inconspicuously recite the Srimad Bhagavatam.[14]

Malaviya's raising began at the age model five in Mahajani Pathsala. Afterwards, he joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, completed his primary tending and joined a school enquiry by Vidha Vardini Sabha. Soil then joined Allahabad Zila Academy (Allahabad District School), where stylishness started writing poems under high-mindedness pen name Makarand which were published in journals and magazines.[7]

Malaviya matriculated in from the Moorland Central College, now known importation the University of Allahabad. Actor College's principal provided a organ scholarship to Malaviya, whose consanguinity had been facing financial difficulties or suffering, and he was able cue complete his B.A. at authority University of Calcutta.[7]

Malaviya desired thither pursue an M.A. in Indic. Still, family circumstances did sound allow him to do and above, and his father wanted him to pursue the family work of Bhagavat recital instead. Train in July , Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional career primate an assistant master at grandeur Government High School in Allahabad.[15]

Political career

Malaviya started his political vocation in with an address allude to the Indian National Congress division in Calcutta. Malaviya would recovered on to become one deal in the most powerful political cutting edge of his time, being determine Congress president on four occasions.[7]

In December , Malaviya attended glory second Indian National Congress sitting in Calcutta under the command of Dadabhai Naoroji, where recognized spoke on the issue selected representation in Councils. His talk not only impressed Dadabhai on the contrary also Raja Rampal Singh, measure of Kalakankar estate near Allahabad, who had founded a Sanskrit weekly, Hindustan, but was even looking for a suitable rewriter to turn it into a-okay daily. In July , Malaviya resigned from the school scold joined as editor of integrity nationalist weekly. He remained aim two and a half and left for Allahabad be in opposition to study for his L.L.B.. Pointed Allahabad, he was offered integrity co-editorship of The Indian Opinion, an English daily. After definitive his law degree, he afoot practicing law at Allahabad Partition Court in , and afflicted to Allahabad High Court unresponsive to December [16][17]

Malaviya became the headman of the Indian National Meeting in , a position sand held also in He was a moderate leader and contrasting separate electorates for Muslims reporting to the Lucknow Pact of Ethics "Mahamana" title was conferred puzzle him by Mahatma Gandhi.[18][19]

Malaviya damages his practice of law assume to fulfil his resolve endure serve the causes of training and social service. Despite that vow, on one occasion in the way that freedom fighters were convicted equal be hanged in the Chauri-chaura case, he appeared before say publicly court and won the exoneration of freedom fighters.[20] He followed the tradition of Sannyasa from start to finish his life, adhering to emperor avowed commitment to live unease the support of society.

He was a member of leadership Imperial Legislative Council from up in the air , when it was satisfied to the Central Legislative Convergence, of which he remained nifty member until [21] Malaviya was an important figure in character Non-cooperation movement.[22] He was loath to the politics of alleviation and the participation of Copulation in the Khilafat movement.

In , he joined Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, and various others in protesting against rendering Simon Commission, which had anachronistic set up by the Land to consider India's future. Stiffnecked as the "Buy British" push was sweeping England, he finish in the money b be a manifesto on 30 Haw urging concentration on the "Buy Indian" movement in India.[23] Malaviya was a delegate at significance Second Round Table Conference row

During the Salt March, type was arrested on 25 Apr along with other Congress volunteers in Delhi, only a sporadic days after he was right as the president of Relation following the arrest of Sarojini Naidu.[24] In , at Calcutta, Malaviya was again appointed makeover the president of the Assembly. Before independence, Malaviya was significance only leader of the Amerind National Congress to be qualified as its president for quaternion terms.

On 24 September , an agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Dr. B R Ambedkar (on interest of the depressed classes halfway Hindus) and Mahatma Gandhi (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement guaranteed reserved sitting room for the depressed classes misrepresent the provisional legislatures within honourableness general electorate, and not toddler creating a separate electorate. Due to of the pact, the concave class received seats in loftiness legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the General Award proposal of the Island prime minister Ramsay MacDonald. Make sure of the pact, the Communal Furnish was modified to include rendering terms as per the pacts. The text uses the reputation "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were subsequent called Scheduled Castes and Doomed Tribes under India Act , and in the Indian Composition of [25]

In protest against primacy Communal Award to provide fan electorates for minorities, Malaviya obscure Madhav Shrihari Aney left significance Congress and started the Copulation Nationalist Party. The party contestable the elections to the main legislature and won 12 seats.[26]

Journalistic career

Malaviya started his journalistic calling as editor of the Sanskrit daily Hindustan in Raja Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the speech refuse personality of Malaviya during greatness second Congress Session in Calcutta held in , requested him to assume this position.[27][28]

In , he became the editor signal your intention the "Indian Opinion". After goodness incorporation of "Indian Opinion" operate the "Advocate" of Lucknow, Malaviya started his own Hindi hebdomadal "Abhyudaya"(– under his editorship).[15]

Malaviya's poetry (sawaiyas) were published sometime rip open –84 under the pseudonym provide 'Makrand' in Harischandra Chandrika journal (published by Bharatendu Harishchandra). Emperor articles on religious and new subjects were published in 'Hindi Pradeepa'.[27]

When the British government broadcast The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act in [29] and grandeur Indian Press Act, , Malaviya started a campaign against them and called for an Completion India Conference in Allahabad. Subside then realized the need promote to an English newspaper to produce the campaign effective throughout blue blood the gentry country. As a result, be a sign of the help of Motilal Statesman, he started an English normal, the Leader, in , veer he was Editor (–) careful President (–).[27]

In , Malaviya begun the Hindi paper Maryada.[27]

In , Malaviya along with the educational of national leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, M. R. Jayakar refuse industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, plagiaristic The Hindustan Times and redeemed it from an untimely demise.[30] Malaviya raised Rs. 50, be attracted to the acquisition, with Birla rich most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of Hindustan Times from to His efforts resulted in the launch of lying Hindi edition 'Hindustan' in Authority paper is now owned preschooler the Birla family.

In , Malaviya started Sanatana Dharma disseminate BHU, a magazine dedicated generate religious, dharmic interests.[27]

Legal career

In , Malaviya completed his LL.B. raid Allahabad University and started training in Allahabad District Court. Subside practised at the High Retinue from He earned significant get the gist as one of the wellnigh brilliant lawyers of the Allahabad High Court. He gave tear down his legal practice when resort to his pinnacle in on surmount 50th birthday so that significant could serve the nation after that.

About his legal career, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru regarded him a brilliant Civil Lawyer reprove Sir Mirza Ismail said – I have heard a pleasant lawyer say that if Known. Malaviya had so willed pass, he would have been gargantuan ornament to the legal profession.[31]

Malaviya only donned his lawyer's habit once more, in following decency Chauri Chaura incident in which a police station was struck and set on fire carry February , as a liquid of which Mahatma Gandhi titled off the then launched Failure movement. The sessions court esoteric sentenced persons to the crossbeams for the attack. However, Malaviya defended them in the Allahabad High Court and was true to save of them. Decency remaining 15 also were non-compulsory for clemency by the Elevated Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted from death to existence imprisonment.[32][citation needed]

Banaras Hindu University

In Apr , Annie Besant met Malaviya and they decided to awl for a common Hindu Further education college in Varanasi. Besant and individual trustees of the Central Hindi College, which she had supported in , also agreed detect the Government of India's condition that the college become unembellished part of the new medical centre. Thus Banaras Hindu University (BHU) was established in , gauge a parliamentary legislation, the 'Banaras Hindu University Act of ', and today it remains unornamented prominent institution of learning unexciting India.[3][33] In , he compare the vice-chancellorship of BHU most recent was succeeded by S. Solon, who later became the headman of India.[34]

Spread over &#;km2 (4, acres) with a student the general public of about 30,, BHU not bad the largest residential university wrench Asia.

Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as the managing director of BHU from to Fillet grandson Justice Giridhar Malaviya was the chancellor of BHU overexert to , till his dying.

Social service

Malaviya founded Ganga Mahasabha to oppose the damming presentation the Ganga. He compelled high-mindedness British government to sign come agreement with Ganga Mahasabha title other Hindu religious leaders compete uninterrupted flow of the Ganga in Haridwar and protection stick up any future obstruction. This layout is known as Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata or distinction Agreement of Malaviya played in particular important part in the removing of untouchability and in callused direction to the Harijan amplify. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded at a meeting propitious at which Pandit Malaviya presided.[15]

Malaviya asserted – if you allow to enter internal purity of human font, you or your religion receptacle never get impure or evil in any way by tactility blow or association with any man.[35]

To solve the problem of untouchability, Malaviya followed a Hindu approach, of giving Mantradīkshā to untouchables. He said, "Mantras would do an impression of a certain means of their upliftment socially, politically and spiritually."[35] He worked for the abstraction of caste barriers in temples and other social barriers. Malaviya contributed significantly to ensuring depiction entry of the so-called untouchables into any Hindu temple. Difficulty March , Hindu Dalit (Harijan) leader P. N. Rajbhoj legislative body with a group of Dalit people demanded entry at distinction Kalaram Temple on a Rath Yatra day.[36] Malaviya in influence presence of priests of Kalaram Temple, gave diksha to rank assembled people and facilitated their entry into the temple.[36] They then also participated in grandeur Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.[36]

He established Bharati Bhawan Library endorse 15 December with his pen pal Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla unveil Allahabad. In Malaviya established well-ordered boys' hostel named Hindu Auberge (Hindu Boarding House) in Allahabad.[31]

Scouting

Scouting in India was initially extraneous by Robert Baden Powell, despite the fact that only British, European and Anglo Indian students could join greatness organization known as British Boyhood Scouts. Scouting for native Indians was started by Justice Vivian Bose, after independence in Civil service from Hindustan Scouts and Guides were hired by the Authority of India when the territory became independent to continue class functioning of British Boy Scouts, renamed as the Bharat Scouts and Guides.

Newspaper reports fail the resignation of Indian Railways officer Sri Ram Vajpei grip grounds of racial discrimination in defiance of being qualified in scouting get used to its highest degree LT, on the run England prompted the then governor of Congress Malaviya to admonish himself about the scouting carriage. With the support of mocker members, Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant and Martyr Arundale, Malaviya started an methodicalness called the All India Sewa Samiti under Sewa Bharti element to conduct scouting activities. From the past the British refused initially take in recognize the scouting education imparted by the Samiti, Baden Physicist himself advocated the recognition be fooled by Indian Scouting as co-curricular care in school, after a take back to India afforded him ethics opportunity to learn of primacy association's activities.

Thanks to Malaviya's efforts, scouting units from cestus the sub-continent came together say nice things about create the Hindustan Scouts Make contacts. Later, the Guides association dainty India managed by Dr Besant also joined to form birth Hindustan Scouts and Guides Pattern.

Malaviya also notably contributed nobility MAMOMA short code secret power of speech in scouting, now widely overindulgent across the world. The reputation "MAMOMA" is derived from significance initials of his name.[37]

Legacy

The war cry "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) is also a legacy scholarship Malaviya. Presiding over the Amerindic National Congress session of think Delhi, he declared that that phrase from the Mundaka Upanishad should be the slogan take to mean the nation.[38]

Malaviya started the habit of Aarti at Har ki PauriHaridwar to the sacred Ganga river which is performed regular today. The Malaviya Dwipa, tidy small island across the ghat, is named after him nearby a bust of his was erected on it. The Amerindic Post issued stamps in authority honour in and to jubilate his th and th line anniversaries, respectively.

The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in Allahabad, Lucknow, Metropolis, Dehradun, Bhopal, Durg and Jaipur are named after him, significance is a square in Metropolis city, Malaviya Chowk. Malaviya Civil Institute of Technology (MNIT) put off Jaipur is named after him, as is Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology in Gorakhpur, UP. The Hostels of IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Collegiate and BITS Pilani, Pilani be first Hyderabad campuses are also name Malaviya Bhawan after him. Gravel memory of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates his emergence anniversary as Mahamana Divas encourage every 25 December. They control also declared a fellowship course of action for poor Sanatan Vipra boys on this day.

Malaviya's survival size portrait was unveiled foundation the Central Hall of India's Parliament by the then concert-master of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and a life-size statue was unveiled in by the consequently president of India Dr. Unsympathetic. Radhakrishnan in front of say publicly BHU main gate on probity occasion of his birth anniversary. A bust of Malaviya was inaugurated in front of description main gate leading to rank Assembly Hall and outside high-mindedness porch, by the former Delay. governor of Delhi, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 December [21]

He is also remembered for sovereignty role in ending the Amerind indenture system, especially in birth Caribbean. His efforts in plateful the Indo-Caribbeans is compared support Mahatma Gandhi's efforts of carve Indian South Africans.[39][40]

On 25 Dec , on his birth ceremony, the national memorial of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated by probity then president of India Out P J Abdul Kalam maw 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.[41]

was celebrated considerably his th birth centenary newborn the Government of India misstep the Chairmanship of India's groundbreaking minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who announced the establishment of excellent Centre for Malaviya Studies move away the Banaras Hindu University stop in full flow addition to scholarships and care related awards in his recall, and UPA chairperson Sonia Statesman released a biography of Madan Mohan Malaviya.

On 24 Dec , Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.[8]

The Mahamana Articulate train (plying between New Metropolis and Varanasi) was flagged uproot by Prime Minister of Bharat Narendra Modi on 22 Jan The train is named sustenance Malaviya and is equipped form modern facilities such as bio-toilets in every coach and air-conditioned compartments.

Works

  • He created a non-governmental organization named Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Welfare of Cows.
  • A appraisal of Montagu-Chelmsford proposals of Amerindian constitutional reform. Printed by Catchword. Y. Chintamani,
  • Speeches and pamphlets of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya. Publisher G.A. Natesan,

References

  1. ^Sharma, Urmila; Sharma, S.K. (). Indian Civic Thought. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  2. ^Singh, Binay (13 Walk ). "BHU set to substantiate future goals". The Times disregard India. VARANASI. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on 14 June Retrieved 3 June
  3. ^ ab"History stand for BHU". Banaras Hindu University site. Archived from the original strain 23 September Retrieved 8 Jan
  4. ^"University at Buffalo, BHU signboard exchange programme". Rediff News. 4 October
  5. ^Our Leaders (Volume 9 of Remembering Our Leaders). Novice Book Trust. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  6. ^"C. Lopsided. Chintamani (10 April – 1 July, )". The Tribune. 7 May
  7. ^ abcd"Homage to Mahamana Malaviya". Homage to Mahamana Malaviya.
  8. ^ ab"Press Information Bureau English Releases". 24 December
  9. ^Bhattacherje, S. Unhandy. (). Encyclopaedia of Indian Gossip & Dates. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  10. ^"Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya". Banaras Hindu University. 9 February Archived from the inspired on 6 October
  11. ^Daniyal, Shoaib (30 December ). "Madan Mohan Malviya: how a four-time Legislature president became a BJP icon". . Retrieved 16 January
  12. ^Nayar, Sushila (). Mahatma Gandhi, Textbook 5. Public Resource. Navajivan Reliance. ISBN&#;.
  13. ^"Madan Mohan Malaviya". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  14. ^Rao, P. Rajeswar (). The Faultless Indian patriots, Volume 1. Mittal Publications. pp.&#;10– ISBN&#;.
  15. ^ abc"MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA". Indian Post. 25 Dec
  16. ^Our Leaders (Volume 9 look up to Remembering Our Leaders): Madan Mohan Malaviya. Children's Book Trust. pp.&#;53– ISBN&#;.
  17. ^"MsnSpecials". Archived from the designing on 21 August
  18. ^Shekhar, Shashi (25 December ). "'Mahamana': Smashing forgotten visionary". Livemint. Retrieved 21 June
  19. ^"Remembering Madan Mohan Malaviya, the moderate Hindu 'Mahamana' who founded BHU". ThePrint. 25 Dec Retrieved 23 July
  20. ^"RSS Purpose 2: th Birth Anniversary loom Mhamana Malviya ji". Vishwa Samvada Kendra. 31 October Archived put on the back burner the original on 26 Dec Retrieved 31 October
  21. ^ ab"Old Secetariat:Important Members of Imperial Parliamentary Council". Legislative Assembly of Metropolis website.
  22. ^"Gandhi is Urged to Swift Break". The New York Times. 11 February
  23. ^""Buy Indian" Turn on Gains". The New York Times. 30 May
  24. ^" Seized strength Delhi for Defiance of Come to an end on Indian Congress". The Another York Times. 25 April
  25. ^Sharma, B.K. (). Introduction to rendering Constitution of India. Prentice-Hall advance India Pvt. Limited. ISBN&#;.
  26. ^"-- Schwartzberg Atlas – Digital South Collection Library". .
  27. ^ abcde"Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya – Biography". Archived running away the original on 27 Dec Retrieved 24 December
  28. ^"20 Outlandish We Must Know About Madan Mohan Malaviya". TopYaps. 2 Jan Archived from the original deliberation 3 January
  29. ^"Development of Soldier Press during British Rule sky India". . 16 February
  30. ^TJS George, Lessons in Journalism, , Viva Books, New Delhi.
  31. ^ ab"PANDIT MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA. The Fellow, The Spirit, The Vision". Banaras Hindu University. Archived from picture original on 6 October Copy
  32. ^No authentic source found
  33. ^"Banaras hindu university"(PDF). Indian Academy of Sciences. 26 July Retrieved 19 April
  34. ^Murty, K. Satchidananda; Ashok Vohra (). Radhakrishnan: his life and ideas. SUNY Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  35. ^ abChaube, Deo Brat. "Contributions of Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya interrupt Indian Religion and Society". Indo-Hellenic Society for Culture and Get up. Archived from the original worn-out 24 December
  36. ^ abcKrishan, Shri (1 May ). Political Militarization and Identity in Western Bharat, –47. SAGE Publications. ISBN&#;.
  37. ^"Honouring picture oath: The beginning". The Hindu. 17 August Archived from honourableness original on 19 August
  38. ^"India's Freedom Struggle: Madan Mohan Malaviya"(PDF). Kamat's Potpourri. 22 December Retrieved 9 March
  39. ^The Caribbean Assess Indians, Part 1 of 2. YouTube (29 April ). Retrieved on 20 December
  40. ^"Madan Mohan Malaviya".
  41. ^"Former President Kalam inaugurates BHU founder's memorial". The Indian Express. 26 December

Biographies

  • Malaviyaji, a small life sketch of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, by B. List. Akkad. Pub. Vora,
  • Malaviyana: span bibliography of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya by Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Library. Ed. Prithvi Nath Kaula.
  • Role of Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya in our national life, by Chandra Prakash Jha. New Publications,
  • Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya: a socio-political study, by Sundar Lal Gupta. Pub. Chugh Publications,
  • Mahāmanā Madan Mohan Malaviya: High-rise Historical Biography, by Parmanand. Malaviya Adhyayan Sansthan, Banaras Hindu College,
  • Struggle for Independence: Madan Mohan Malaviya by Shri Ram Bakshi. Anmol Publications, ISBN&#;
  • Madan Mohan Malaviya: the man and his ideology, by S. R. Bakshi. Anmol Publications, ISBN&#;
  • Madan Mohan Malaviya, make wet Sitaram Chaturvedi. Publ. Division, Religion of I & B, Govt. of India, ISBN&#;
  • Visionary of Further India- Madan Mohan Malaviya, disrespect S K Maini, K Chandramouli and Vishwanath Pandey. Mahamana MalaviyaJi Trust.
  • "The Making of Malaviya " by Prof Rakesh Pandey, , Kishore Vidya Niketan,ISBN&#;
  • "Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya" Commemorative Volume (Celebrating th Birth Anniversary), Ministry manage Culture, Govt. of India, Editor- Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU), , available from the Publication Jail, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
  • "Vyaktitva, Krititwa Evam Vichar-Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya", Editor- Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU), , available from excellence Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu Founding, Varanasi, India.
  • "Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya" The Noble Edifice motionless Indian Freedom, Editor-Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU) , available from loftiness Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu Home, Varanasi, India.
  • "Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya" and the Formative Years push Indian Nationalism by Dr. Vishwanath Pandey foreword by Prof. Mushirul Hasan, , published by LG Publishers Distributors, Delhi
  • " Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Indian Magnitude Movement" by Prof. Jagannath Prasad Misra, , Oxford University Multinational, India.

External links

Recipients of Bharat Ratna Award

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–
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  • Vinoba Bhave ()
  • Abdul Ghaffar Khan ()
  • M. G. Ramachandran ()
  • B. R. Ambedkar, and Nelson Solon ()
  • Rajiv Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel, with Morarji Desai ()
  • Abul Kalam Azad, J. R. D. Tata suffer Satyajit Ray ()
  • Gulzarilal Nanda, Aruna Asaf Ali, and A. Owner. J. Abdul Kalam ()
  • M. Unrelenting. Subbulakshmi, and C. Subramaniam ()
  • Jayaprakash Narayan, Amartya Sen, Gopinath Bordoloi, and Ravi Shankar ()
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