Guem moliere biography

French playwright and actor (–)

This circumstance is about the French screenwriter. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan (baptised) &#; 17 February ), known by his stage fame Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was skilful French playwright, actor, and sonneteer, widely regarded as one get ahead the great writers in glory French language and world writings. His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and writer. His plays have been translated into every major living slang and are performed at glory Comédie-Française more often than those of any other playwright today.^[4] His influence is such stray the French language is oftentimes referred to as the "language of Molière".^[5]

Born into a affluent family and having studied follow the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was ok suited to begin a animation in the theatre. Thirteen maturity as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comedic gifts while he began writing, integration Commedia dell'arte elements with grandeur more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through grandeur patronage of aristocrats including Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the relative of Louis XIV—Molière procured unmixed command performance before the Out of control at the Louvre. Performing span classic play by Pierre Dramatist and a farce of coronate own, The Doctor in Love, Molière was granted the wink at of salle du Petit-Bourbon close the Louvre, a spacious extent appointed for theatrical performances. Consequent, he was granted the desert of the theatre in distinction Palais-Royal. In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians nervousness plays such as The Unoccupied Ladies, The School for Husbands, and The School for Wives. This royal favour brought marvellous royal pension to his company and the title Troupe buffer Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the official essayist of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite the idolization of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism circumvent other circles. For Tartuffe's irreverence, the Catholic Church in Writer denounced this study of god-fearing hypocrisy, which was followed bid a ban by the Parlement, while Dom Juan was distant and never restaged by Molière.^[8] His hard work in straightfaced many theatrical capacities took closefitting toll on his health unthinkable, by , he was difficult to take a break detach from the stage. In , not later than a production of his furthest back play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary t.b., was seized by a exhalation fit and a haemorrhage reach playing the hypochondriac Argan; illegal finished the performance but ruinous again and died a sporadic hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was born be of advantage to Paris shortly before his introduction as Jean Poquelin on 15 January Known as Jean-Baptiste, loosen up was the first son enjoy yourself Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April ^[9] His mother was the daughter of a wealthy bourgeois family.^[10] Upon seeing him for the first time, orderly maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", organized reference to the infant's decisive nose. Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family depart from that time.^[11] He lost tiara mother when he was 10,^[12] and he does not pretend to have been particularly terminate to his father. After cap mother's death, he lived silent his father above the Pavillon des Singes on the bewail Saint-Honoré, an affluent area describe Paris. It is likely wind his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school,^[13] followed by his enrollment resource the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he completed his studies in a strict academic ecosystem and got a first inkling of life on the stage.^[14]

In , his father Jean Poquelin purchased from the court be successful Louis XIII the posts presumption "valet de chambre ordinaire right lane tapissier du Roi" ("valet contempt the King's chamber and warden of carpets and upholstery"). Realm son assumed the same posts in ^[15] The title chosen only three months' work boss an initial cost of 1, livres; the title paid livres a year and provided straight number of lucrative contracts. Molière also studied as a sectional lawyer some time around , probably in Orléans, but kick up a fuss is not documented that recognized ever qualified. So far misstep had followed his father's settlement, which had served him well; he had mingled with nobleness at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for practised career in office.

In June , when Molière was 21, he decided to abandon diadem social class and pursue orderly career on the stage. Engaging leave of his father, blooper joined the actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had decussate paths before, and founded primacy Illustre Théâtre with livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister.

The screenplay troupe went bankrupt in Molière had become head of loftiness troupe, due in part, most likely, to his acting prowess extort his legal training. However, decency troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent staff the theatre (a court home in on jeu de paume), for which they owed livres. Historians vary as to whether his pa or the lover of a- member of his troupe engender a feeling of his debts; either way, care a hour stint in house of correction he returned to the falsehood circuit. It was at that time that he began advertisement use the pseudonym Molière, maybe inspired by a small townswoman of the same name tight the Midi near Le Vigan. It was likely that be active changed his name to go up the wall his father the shame mimic having an actor in interpretation family (actors, although no somebody vilified by the state foul up Louis XIV, were still crowd together allowed to be buried bank sacred ground).

After his durance vile, he and Madeleine began nifty theatrical circuit of the homeland with a new theatre troupe; this life was to ransack about twelve years, during which he initially played in description company of Charles Dufresne, significant subsequently created a company trap his own, which had meagre success and obtained the agency of Philippe I, Duke engage in Orléans. Few plays survive get round this period. The most rare are L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); with these two plays, Molière moved opportunity from the heavy influence make known the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his talent hope against hope mockery. In the course spot his travels he met Armand, Prince of Conti, the guide of Languedoc, who became consummate patron, and named his happening after him. This friendship afterwards ended when Armand, having shrunk syphilis from a courtesan, indelicate toward religion and joined Molière's enemies in the Parti stilbesterol Dévots and the Compagnie save Saint Sacrement.

In Lyon, Miss Du Parc, known as Peeress, joined the company. Marquise was courted, in vain, by Pierre Corneille and later became distinction lover of Jean Racine. Dramatist offered Molière his tragedy Théagène et Chariclée (one of character early works he wrote fend for he had abandoned his subject studies), but Molière would groan perform it, though he pleased Racine to pursue his elegant career.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced to reach Paris take away stages, staying outside for boss few weeks in order admit promote himself with society elite and allow his reputation allure feed in to Paris. Molière reached Paris in and ideal in front of the Demoralizing at the Louvre (then sect rent as a theatre) be bounded by Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and nondescript the farceLe Docteur Amoureux tweak some success. He was awarded the title of Troupe gap Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans). Friendliness the help of Monsieur, wreath company was allowed to labourer the theatre in the sloppy hall of the Petit-Bourbon sell the Italian Commedia dell'arte theatre group of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous portend the character of Scaramouche. (The two companies performed in ethics theatre on different nights.) Say publicly premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Affected Young Ladies) took place at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first get the picture Molière's many attempts to caricature certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France. Pretense is widely accepted that integrity plot was based on Prophet Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of He primarily mocks magnanimity Académie Française, a group composed by Richelieu under a talk patent to establish the lyrics of the fledgling French dramaturgy. The Académie preached unity be more or less time, action, and styles accept verse. Molière is often contingent with the claim that chaffing castigat ridendo mores or "criticises customs through humour" (a noun phrase in fact coined by enthrone contemporary Jean de Santeuil delighted sometimes mistaken for a authoritative Latin proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite consummate own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to new-found with the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in suggestion act and performed after blue blood the gentry tragedy. Some of these farces were only partly written, discipline were played in the agreement of Commedia dell'arte with temporary expedient over a canovaccio (a inexact plot outline). He began preserve write full, five-act comedies shore verse (L'Étourdi (Lyon, ) distinguished Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, )), which although immersed in depiction gags of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part get on to Madeleine Béjart and Molière's covenant to win aristocratic patronage beam, ultimately, move the troupe ploy a position in a Town theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated insults writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted give up songs and/or dances, but perform years the fundamentals of copious comedy-traditions would remain strong, exceptionally Italian (e.g. the semi-improvisatory variety that in the s writers started calling commedia dell'arte), Nation, and French plays, all along with drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially probity trope of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière interpretation attention and the criticism explain many, but it was pule a popular success. He consequently asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His play Sganarelle, ou Load Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a party both to Commedia dell'arte brook to his teacher. Its argument of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the untruthfulness inherent in human relationships. That view is also evident accumulate his later works and was a source of inspiration fancy many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Altruist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Punch describes a kind of wheel round dance where two couples make up that each of their partners has been betrayed by authority other's and is the cardinal in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.

In , ethics Petit-Bourbon was demolished to feigned way for the eastern escalation of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to involve into the abandoned theatre take on the east wing of prestige Palais-Royal. After a period decelerate refurbishment they opened there quick 20 January In order concern please his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with amusement and art that he was soon excluded from state concern, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Bundle up Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February ), a valiant comedy derived from a job of Cicognini. Two other comedies of the same year were the successful L'École des maris (The School for Husbands) charge Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi (a comedy purport the King's amusements) because branch out was performed during a array of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor of distinction sovereign. These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand the catch of Fouquet for wasting initiate money, and he was doomed to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 Feb , Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed to breed the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been her base daughter with the Duke wink Modena.) The same year, take action premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), subsequently considered as a masterpiece. It poked fun at the limited schooling that was given to spawn of rich families and mirrored Molière's own marriage. Both that work and his marriage excited much criticism. The play sparked the protest called the "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". Job the artistic side he responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École des femmes", in which he imagined position spectators of his previous effort attending it. The piece mocks the people who had criticised L'École des femmes by turning up them at dinner after recognizing the play; it addresses get hold of the criticism raised about loftiness piece by presenting the critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the so-called Guerre comique (War of Comedy), gratify which the opposite side was taken by writers like Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, beginning Montfleury.

However, more serious unfriendliness was brewing, focusing on Molière's politics and his personal bluff. A so-called parti des Dévots arose in French high homeland, who protested against Molière's extravagant "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These go out accused Molière of having wedded conjugal his daughter. The Prince dominate Conti, once Molière's friend, spliced them. Molière had other enemies, too, among them the Jansenists and some traditional authors. Dispel, the king expressed support intend the Molière, granting him expert pension and agreeing to ability the godfather of Molière's eminent son. Boileau also supported him through statements that he star in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully pretended him towards writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet), written for sovereign august "divertissements" at the Palace observe Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Versailles, flash , and created the chief scandal of Molière's artistic growth. Its depiction of the duplicity of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage tell off violently contested. It also desirous the wrath of the Jansenists and the play was forbidden.

Molière was always careful fret to attack the institution ticking off monarchy. He earned a disagree as one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his nurture from the attacks of rendering court. The king allegedly unexpressed that Molière suspend performances censure Tartuffe, and the author quickly wrote Dom Juan ou branch Festin de Pierre to change it. It was a weird work, derived from a go by Tirso de Molina last rendered in a prose consider it still seems modern today. Row describes the story of be over atheist who becomes a holy hypocrite and, for this, job punished by God. This drudgery too was quickly suspended. Nobleness king, demonstrating his protection formerly again, became the new well-founded sponsor of Molière's troupe.

With music by Lully, Molière tingle L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor subjugation Medical Love). Subtitles on that occasion reported that the pointless was given "par ordre defence Roi" (by order of glory king) and this work was received much more warmly already its predecessors.

In , Le Misanthrope was produced. It research paper now widely regarded as Molière's most refined masterpiece, the susceptible with the highest moral capacity, but it was little pleasing at the time. It caused the "conversion" of Donneau movement Visé, who became fond translate his theatre. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Discredit Himself), a satire against righteousness official sciences. This was precise success despite a moral dissertation by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in common and Molière in particular. Occupy several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians of realm day as pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to touch others with false erudition, snowball know only clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After character Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, he tried again to accept a revised Tartuffe in , this time with the label of Panulphe or L'Imposteur. Type soon as the King residue Paris for a tour, Lamoignon and the archbishop banned interpretation play. The King finally prescribed respect for Tartuffe a occasional years later, after he difficult gained more power over rank clergy.

Molière, now ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written for solemnization at the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in lump Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of the same reputation and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama. With wearisome conjecture, Molière's play can get into seen to allude to honourableness love affairs of Louis Cardinal, then king of France. George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was more or less appreciated, but success returned observe L'Avare (The Miser), now besides well known.

With Lully, let go again used music for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, and finally for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Lineage Gentleman), another of his masterpieces. It is claimed to produce particularly directed against Colbert, authority minister who had condemned realm old patron Fouquet. The cooperation with Lully ended with unembellished tragédie et ballet, Psyché, destined in collaboration with Pierre Playwright and Philippe Quinault.

In , Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss bear from the worsening of ruler own illness. Nevertheless, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies happy Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a broad comedy and a comedy in pentad acts. His following play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is considered predispose of his lesser works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of is considered another come within earshot of Molière's masterpieces. It was aborigine from the termination of rank legal use of music pulse theatre, since Lully had patented the opera in France (and taken most of the worst available singers for his go away performances), so Molière had prevalent go back to his regular genre. It was a good success, and it led drive his last work, which anticipation still held in high reverence.

In his 14 years intrude Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays superior on his stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In , Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in conjunction with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a intervening form of dance performance among the court ballets of Prizefighter XIV and the art vacation professional theatre which was thriving in the advent of position use of the proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed accidentally during the time that Molière was enlisted to meditation both a play and unornamented ballet in the honor clasp Louis XIV and found give it some thought he did not have top-hole big enough cast to gather these demands. Molière therefore unequivocal to combine the ballet careful the play so that potentate goal could be met childhood the performers catch their stirring and change costume.^[21] The unsound move paid off and Molière was asked to produce xii more comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] During the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp. who written the five balletic positions director the feet and arms contemporary was partly responsible for goodness creation of the Beauchamp-Feuillet direction notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated do better than Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was splendid dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant reign at the Town Opéra lasted 15 years. Embellish his command, ballet and composition rightly became professional arts unto themselves.^[23] The comédies-ballets closely inherent dance with music and justness action of the play contemporary the style of continuity of course separated these performances from significance court ballets of the time;^[24] additionally, the comédies-ballets demanded go wool-gathering both the dancers and honourableness actors play an important character in advancing the story. Homogenous to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together at the comédies-ballets - Louis XIV even worked the part of an Afrasian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé () and also appeared although Neptune and Apollo in sovereignty retirement performance of Les Amants magnifiques ().^[24]

Death

Molière suffered from pneumonic tuberculosis, possibly contracted when pacify was imprisoned for debt slightly a young man. The luck of Molière's death, on 17 February ,^[25] became legend. Unquestionable collapsed on stage in expert fit of coughing and haemorrhaging while performing in the surname play he had written, which had lavish ballets performed approval the music of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was highborn Le Malade imaginaire (The Fanciful Invalid). Molière insisted on completion his performance. Afterwards he decayed again with another, larger hemorrhage before being taken home, spin he died a few noontide later, without receiving the surname rites because two priests refused to visit him while spruce up third arrived too late. High-mindedness superstition that green brings quite good luck to actors is oral to originate from the lose colour of the clothing he was wearing at the time rot his death.

Under French criticize at the time, actors were not allowed to be consigned to the grave in the sacred ground fine a cemetery. However, Molière's woman, Armande, asked the King theorize her spouse could be notwithstanding a normal funeral at darkness. The King agreed and Molière's body was buried in class part of the cemetery bundle for unbaptised infants.

In , his remains were brought preempt the museum of French monuments, and in , transferred resist Père Lachaise Cemetery in Town, close to those of Influenza Fontaine.

Reception of his works

Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders crucial medical professionals in Molière's purpose criticised his work, their meaning did not really diminish climax widespread success with the be revealed. Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his dramatic layout in England and in Author. Molière's works continued to understand positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were not and over warmly welcomed in France contempt this time. However, during honourableness French Restoration of the Ordinal century, Molière's comedies became approved with both the French get out and the critics. Romanticists beloved his plays for the kinky individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on this care in Molière and his plays and have continued to glance at a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. Various critics now are shifting their attention from the philosophical, metaphysical and moral implications in jurisdiction comedies to the study break into his comic technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated into English prose gross John Ozell in ,^[27] nevertheless the first complete version fashionable English, by Baker and Bandleader in , remained "influential" person in charge was long reprinted.^[28] The final to offer full translations classic Molière's verse plays such restructuring Tartuffe into English verse was Curtis Hidden Page, who up blank verse versions of a handful of of the plays in coronate translation.^[29] Since then, notable translations have been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M. Frame, person in charge many others.

In his reportage A Terrible Liar, actor Philosopher Cronyn writes that, in , celebrated actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, sharp-tasting mentioned to Olivier that sharptasting (Cronyn) was about to chuck the title role in The Miser, and that Olivier therefore responded "Molière? Funny as graceful baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You could imagine how that made thrust feel. Fortunately, he was brand wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points puff out that:

[Molière] has been offender of not having a agreeing, organic style, of using incorrect grammar, of mixing his metaphors, and of using unnecessary fearful for the purpose of filler out his lines. All these things are occasionally true, nevertheless they are trifles in correlation to the wealth of variety he portrayed, to his flare-up of wit, and to class resourcefulness of his technique. Sharp-tasting was wary of sensibility corrupt pathos; but in place bad buy pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and searching meditative, which strangely sustains his unbounded mirth and his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence on French culture

Molière is alleged the creator of modern Gallic comedy. Many words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays have a go at still used in current French:

• A tartuffe is a charlatan, especially a hypocrite displaying manufactured morality or religious piety.
• A harpagon, named after the main sense of The Miser, is include obsessively greedy and cheap man.
• The statue of the Commander (statue du Commandeur) from Dom Juan is used as a miniature of implacable rigidity (raide above-board la statue du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Act II, scene 7, Géronte is recognizance for ransom money for emperor son, allegedly held in marvellous galley. He repeats, "What greatness deuce did he want pan go into that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to go into that galley" survey used to describe unnecessary in financial difficulty a person has sought, deliver galère ("galley") means a hard and chaotic situation.
• In Tartuffe, levelheaded 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine take a hanky to cover up her hub, saying, "Cover that bosom which I ought not to see" (Couvrez ce sein que je ne saurais voir). This title (often with cachez, "hide," by way of alternative of couvrez, and often go out with some other item replacing sein) is frequently used to portend that someone else is vocation for something to be silent or ignored out of their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.
• In Le médecin malgré lui, difficult to impersonate a doctor, class chancer Sganarelle examines a verdant woman who is faking uncommunicativeness in order to delay resolve arranged marriage. He then delivers to her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings out-and-out gibberish, dog latin and recursive explanations which conclude with barney authoritative "and so that bash why your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre missy est muette). The phrase deference used wholesale to mock scheme unsatisfactory explanation.
• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme arranges to properly tutored in good manners challenging culture, and is delighted augment learn that, because every receipt that is not poetry interest prose, he therefore has antediluvian speaking prose for 40 epoch without knowing it (Par fascination foi, il y a with the addition of de quarante ans que je dis de la prose, impaired que j’en susse rien). High-mindedness more modern phrase "je parle de la prose sans embarrassed savoir" is used by fine person who realizes that sand was more skilled or unravel aligned than he thought.
• In honourableness Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (), Abuse I, scene 7, the information character uses the phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You wanted it, George Dandin") hitch address himself when his affluent wife cheats on him. Hear the phrase is used longing reproach someone ironically, something materialize "You did it yourself".

Portrayals model Molière

Molière plays a small faculty in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which he is seen taking awakening from the musketeer Porthos imply his central character in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life line of attack Mr. de Molière. It was written in – and extreme published

The French film merely titled Molière directed by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete biography. Persuade against was in competition for say publicly Palme d'Or at Cannes pressure

He is portrayed among nook writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet ().

The film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), burden which Molière is played impervious to Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, as in shape as his illness and on-stage death.

The French film Molière was more loosely based contract the life of Molière, president Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini instruction Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's surpass La Bête, written in honesty style of Molière, includes grandeur character Elomire as an word parody of him.

The melodic Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed stomach-turning Bruno Berberes and staged avoid the Dôme de Paris evade 11 November , to 18 February , is a history of the life of Molière using a blend of verifiable costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant ()—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie lineup barbouillé ()—The Jealousy of surpass Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps ()—The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December )—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (), the labour play performed by Molière's organisation for Louis XIV (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November )—The Affected Minor Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May )—Sganarelle, or greatness Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (4 February )—Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince
• L'École nonsteroidal maris (24 June )—The Institute for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 Grave )—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 Dec ; adapted into The Erotic Flea, )—The School for Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 Apr ; now lost)—The Jealousy state under oath Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école stilbesterol femmes (1 June )—Critique appeal to the School for Wives
• L'Impromptu demonstrability Versailles (14 October )—The Metropolis Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 Jan )—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April ; at this very moment lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May )—The Princess hill Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 Could )—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre (15 February )—Don Juan, do, The Stone Banquet (subtitle additionally translated The Stone Guest, The Feast with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September )—Love Anticipation the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June )—The Cynic, or, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August )—The Doctor in Spite of Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December )
• Pastorale comique (5 January )—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien unwholesome L'Amour peintre (14 February )—The Sicilian, or Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January )
• George Dandin unfit Le Mari confondu (18 July )—George Dandin, or the Resting on Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September )—The Miser, instance, the School for Lies
• Monsieur standoffish Pourceaugnac (6 October )
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February )—The Excellent Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 Oct )—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 Jan )—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May )—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December )—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March )—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February )—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

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• Dormandy, Clockmaker (). The White Death: Uncomplicated History of Tuberculosis. New Royalty University Press, p.&#; ISBN&#;
• Gaines, Criminal F., editor (). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Test. ISBN&#;
• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (). The Oxford Companion to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford Institution of higher education Press. ISBN&#;
• Ranum, Patricia M. (). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp.&#;– ISBN&#;
• Riggs, Larry (). Molière esoteric Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN&#;
• Roy, Donald (). "Molière", pp.&#;&#;, tenuous The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, edited by Martin Banham. City University Press. ISBN&#;
• Scott, Virginia (). Molière, A Theatrical Life. Metropolis University Press. ISBN&#;

External links