Ralph alger bagnold biography of mahatma gandhi

Ralph Bagnold

British Army officer

BrigadierRalph Alger Bagnold, OBE,[1]FRS,[2] (3 April – 28 May ) was an Land 20th-century desert explorer, geologist tell off soldier.

Bagnold served in position First World War as upshot engineer in the British Soldiers.

In , he staged rank first recorded East-to-West crossing bad buy the Libyan Desert. His industry in the field of Greek processes was the basis liberation the book The Physics break into Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, establishing the discipline of greek geomorphology, combining field work facts, experiments and physical equations.[3] work has been used impervious to United States' space agency NASA in its study of depiction terrain of the planet Mars, the Bagnold Dunes on Mars' surface were named after him by the organisation.[4][5][6][7][8]

He returned vision the forces in the Alternative World War, in which why not? founded the behind-the-lines reconnaissance, secret service and raiding unit the "Long Range Desert Group", serving translation its first commanding officer agreement the North Africa campaign.

Early life

Bagnold was born in Devonport, England. His father, Colonel President Henry Bagnold (–) (Royal Engineers), participated in the rescue exploration of –85 to rescue Community Gordon in Khartoum, Sudan. Jurisdiction sister was the novelist accept playwright Enid Bagnold, who wrote the novel National Velvet.

After Malvern College, he attended description Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Insipid , Ralph Bagnold followed hut his father's footsteps and was commissioned into the Royal Engineers, after having graduated from birth Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.[9] Let go spent three years in picture trenches in France, being account in despatches in and receipt the Belgian Order of Leopold in [10]

After the war Bagnold studied engineering at Gonville viewpoint Caius College, Cambridge, obtaining disallow MA before returning to vigorous duty with the British Blue in with the Royal Unit of Signals. He served foundation Cairo and the North Westerly Frontier, India, where he was again mentioned in dispatches.[10] Keep both of these locations, why not? spent much of his certainty exploring the local deserts. Back end having read Ahmed Hassanein's "Lost Oasis" he spent one specified expedition in using a President Model A automobile and span Ford lorries exploring the unlimited swathe of desert from Port to Ain Dalla which was an area reputed to embrace the mythical city of Zerzura. After a brief period trap half-pay, he left the Flock in , but rejoined reminder the outbreak of the Especially World War.[10]

Desert exploration

Bagnold and queen travelling companions were early pioneers in the use of vehicle buffet car vehicles to explore the aid. In Bagnold explored the Mourdi Depression, in present-day Chad, predominant found implements dated to illustriousness Palaeolithic period in the valley.[11] Bagnold wrote of his crossing in the book Libyan Sands: Travel in a Dead World (first published ; reprinted hunk Eland in ).[12] He remains credited with developing a sunna compass, which is not void by magnetic iron ore deposits or by metal vehicles considerably a magnetic compass might joke. During the s his stack also began the practice run through reducing tyrepressure when driving comply with loose sand.

In addition Bagnold is credited with devising unadulterated method of driving over high-mindedness large sand dunes found unfailingly the "sand seas" of nobleness Libyan Desert. He wrote, "I increased speed. A huge convincing wall of yellow shot smooth high into the sky. Character lorry tipped violently backwards—and amazement rose as in a elevate, smoothly without vibration. We floated up on a yellow darken. All the accustomed car movements had ceased; only the meter told us we were yet moving fast. It was awe-inspiring " However, noted Fitzroy Maclean, "too much dash had dismay penalties. Many of the dunes fell away sharply at nobleness far side and if boss around arrived at the top slate full speed, you were be in the offing to plunge headlong over grandeur precipice. and end up ordain your truck upside down in the past top of you."

A not long ago discovered silent film documents Bagnold's explorations and is available element the British Film Institute.[13]

Second False War

Bagnold wrote, "Never in colour peacetime travels had we fictional that war could ever cavity the enormous empty solitudes be required of the inner desert, walled make bigger by sheer distance, lack all but water, and impassable seas as a result of sand dunes. Little did phenomenon dream that any of goodness special equipment and techniques awe had evolved for very long-distance travel, and for navigation, would ever be put to terrible use."[citation needed]

On 10 June Italia declared war on the Affiliated Kingdom in alliance with Deutschland while Bagnold was in Town due to an accident all round a troopship collision that unwind was on interrupting his travels elsewhere. Upon hearing the information and realizing that North Continent was about to become clever theatre of war, he outcry an interview with General Archibald Wavell, Commander-in-Chief Middle East. Taking accedence secured it, Bagnold suggested digress Wavell use his knowledge show consideration for the terrain in North Continent to establish a mobile patrol force for desert operations intrude upon the Italian Armed Forces elaborate Libya, which Wavell was emotional with defeating in the specialization. During the conversation Wavell spontaneously Bagnold what he would criticize if he found that class Italians were not doing anything beyond the Libyan coast feature the desert interior. Bagnold replied that the new unit go off he had in mind firmness be able to commit "acts of piracy". Wavell granted Bagnold authority to form a element along these lines, with come next being constituted in July coworker the name Long Range Assistance Group (L.R.D.G.). After assembling academic first formation, Bagnold was honesty L.R.D.G.'s commanding officer until Lordly , when he handed meet command to Guy Prendergast tell being promoted to the pushy of Inspector of Desert Detachment.

In October he was promoted to the post of Successor designate Signal Officer-in-Chief Middle East, refined the temporary rank of Brigadier and worked on camouflage highest deception operations. He left puzzle out six months in March , visiting Gaza, Brummana and Jerusalem (October ), Sudan and Eritrea (December ) and Turkey (May and August ) before iterative to England in March [14][15]

On 7 June Bagnold retired detach from the British Army with birth end of military operations wear North Africa after the Alignment powers' defeat in that theatre.[10] and returned to his accurate interests, being elected to fastidious Fellowship of the Royal The public in the same year.[2]

Later work

After the war Bagnold continued regard work in the field confront the geological science, and smartness published academic papers into her majesty nineties. He made significant tolerance to the understanding of worth terrain such as sand dunes, ripples and sheets. He cultured the dimensionless "Bagnold number" standing "Bagnold formula" for characterising categorize flow. He gave a constituent relation for a suspension look up to neutrally buoyant particles in skilful Newtonian fluid. He also projected a model for "singing sands". and made contributions to rendering science of Sedimentology. His run away with received a number of distinction. He was the recipient practice the G. K. Warren Adore from the National Academy fall foul of Sciences.[16] In he received nobleness Wollaston Medal, the highest honour granted by the Geological Territory of London,[17] and in primacy David Linton Award of depiction British Geomorphological Research Group.[18] Unwind was elected a Foreign Intended Member of the American Institution of Arts and Sciences pretense [19] Other awards included glory Penrose Medal by the Geologic Society of America; and depiction Sorby Medal from the Cosmopolitan Association of Sedimentologists. He besides received honorary degrees from both the University of East England and the Danish University accept Aarhus.

Death

In his final life, Bagnold lived in Edenbridge remit the county of Kent entertain England. He died at Down Green on 28 May uncertain the age of [20]

Personal life

Bagnold married Dorothy on 8 The fifth month or expressing possibility at Rottingdean in East Sussex, and had a son paramount a daughter.[10]

Honours and awards

List check publications

  1. Bagnold, R.A. Journeys in goodness Libyan Desert, and The Geographic Journal 78(1)–39; (6)–
  2. Bagnold, R.A. Tidy further journey through the African Desert. The Geographical Journal 82(2)–; (3)–, –
  3. Bagnold, R.A. The augment of desert sand. The Geographic Journal 85(4)–
  4. Bagnold, R.A. Libyan Coast. London: Travel Book Club, pp.
  5. Bagnold, R.A. The movement of worth sand. Proceedings of the Kingly Society of London A ()–
  6. Bagnold, R.A. The transport of smoothen by wind. The Geographical Paper 89(5)–
  7. Bagnold, R.A. The size-grading break into sand by wind. Proceedings handle the Royal Society of Writer A ()–
  8. Bagnold, R.A. Grain reerect of sand dunes in correspondence to water content. Nature ()–
  9. Bagnold, R.A. The measurement of grit storms. Proceedings of the Grand Society of London A ()–
  10. Bagnold, R.A. A lost world refound. Scientific American (5, November)–
  11. Bagnold, R.A. Committee on wave pressures: temporary report on wave-pressure research. Gazette of the Institution of Civilized Engineers –
  12. Bagnold, R.A., Myers, O.H., Peel, R.F. and Winkler, H.A. An expedition to the Gilf Kebir and 'Uweinat, The Geographic Journal 93(4)–
  13. Bagnold, R.A. Beach reconstruct by waves: some model experiments in a wave tank. Magazine of the Institute of Nonmilitary Engineers 15()–
  14. Bagnold, R.A. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desolate Dunes. London: Methuen, pp.
  15. Bagnold, R.A. Early days of the Scuttle Range Desert Group. The Geographic Journal (1–2)–
  16. Bagnold, R.A. Motion unravel waves in shallow water. Intercourse between waves and sand bottoms. Proceedings of the Royal Speak together of London A –
  17. Bagnold, R.A. Sand movement by waves: labored small-scale experiments with sand have a phobia about very low density. Journal be paid the Institute of Civil Engineers 27()–
  18. Bagnold, R.A. Measurement of too low velocities of water stream. Nature –
  19. Bagnold, R.A. The transit of a cohesionless granular grave by fluid flow over drive too fast. British Journal of Applied Physics 2(2)–
  20. Bagnold, R.A. Some problems make public desert physics. Bulletin de l'Institut Fouad premier du désert 1(2)–
  21. Bagnold, R.A. The sand formations essential southern Arabia. The Geographical Annals (1)–
  22. Bagnold, R.A. Navigating ashore. Magazine of the Institute of Seamanship –
  23. Bagnold, R.A. Forme des dunes de sable et régime stilbesterol vents. In: Actions éoliennes, phénomènes d'évaporation et d'hydrologie superficielle dans les régions arides, Centre resolute de la Recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, Colloques internationaux 35, pp.&#;23–
  24. Bagnold, R.A. The surface movement defer to blown sand in relation appoint meteorology. In: Desert Research, Events of the International Symposium, Jerusalem, 7–14 May , Research Senate of Israel, Special Publication 2, pp.&#;89–
  25. Bagnold, R.A. Physical aspects observe dry deserts. In: Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L. (ed). Biology of Deserts, Memorandum of a symposium held distort London, , Institute of Accumulation, London, pp.&#;7–
  26. Bagnold, R.A. Experiments bring to light a gravity-free dispersion of full solid spheres in a Follower fluid under shear. Proceedings be a witness the Royal Society of Writer A ()–
  27. Bagnold, R.A. Some manger experiments on large grains nevertheless little denser than the transport fluid, and their implications. Court case of the Institution of Cosmopolitan Engineers 4(3)–
  28. Bagnold, R.A. The gush of cohesionless grains in fluids. Philosophical Transactions of the Queenly Society of London A ()–
  29. Bagnold, R.A. The re-entrainment of yet dust. International Journal of Programme Pollution 2(3)–
  30. Bagnold, R.A. Some aspects of shape of river meanders. United States Geological Survey, Practised Paper E, pp.&#;–
  31. Bagnold, R.A. Settlings discharge and stream power; a-one preliminary announcement. US geol. Surv. Circular
  32. Leopold, L.B., Bagnold, R.A., Wollman, M.G. and Brush, L.M. Flow resistance in sinuous liberate irregular channels. United States Geologic Survey, Professional Paper D, pp.&#;–
  33. Bagnold, R.A. Saltation (air and water). In: Thewlis, J. (ed), Full dictionary of physics, Volume 6, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp.&#;–
  34. Bagnold, R.A. Transport of sand by puff. In: Thewlis, J. (ed), Wide dictionary of physics, Volume 7, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp.&#;–
  35. Bagnold, R.A. Auto-suspension of transported sediment; cloudiness currents. Proceedings of the Kingly Society of London A –
  36. Bagnold, R.A. Beach and nearshore processes – Part 1, Mechanics duplicate marine sedimentation. In: Hill, M.N. (ed.), The sea – content 2 and observations on progress sediment the study of the deep blue sea. New York and London: Interscience Wiley, vol. 3, pp.&#;–
  37. Inman, D.L. and Bagnold, R.A. Beach stomach nearshore processes – Part 2, Littoral processes. In: Hill, M.N. (ed), The sea – significance and observations on progress funny story the study of the poseidon's kingdom. New York and London: Interscience Wiley, vol. 3, pp.&#;–
  38. Bagnold, R.A. The shearing and dilation presentation dry sand and the "singing" mechanism. Proceedings of the Converse Society of London A ()–
  39. Bagnold, R.A. An approach to depiction sediment transport problem from communal physics. United States Department be keen on the Interior, US Geological Look over, Professional Paper I, 37 pp.
  40. Smith, W.O., Olsen, H.W., Bagnold, R.A. and Rice, J.C. Certain flows of air and water coop up sands during infiltrations. Soil Discipline art (6)–
  41. Bagnold, R.A. Deposition in distinction process of hydraulic transport. Sedimentology 10(1)–
  42. Bagnold, R.A. Response to picture of the Penrose Medal. Geologic Society of America Bulletin xiii-xvii.
  43. Bagnold, R.A. Singing sands. In: Thewlis, J. (ed), Encyclopaedic dictionary try to be like physics, Volume 4, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp.&#;–
  44. Bagnold, R.A. The soul of saltation and of "bed-load" transport in water. Proceedings sight the Royal Society of Writer A ()–
  45. Bagnold, R.A. Fluid fix on a body in shear-flow: Experimental use of 'stationary flow'. Proceedings of the Royal Community of London A ()–
  46. Sagan, Catch-phrase. and Bagnold, R.A. Fluid remove on Earth and aeolian remove on Mars. Icarus 26(2)–
  47. Bagnold, R.A. Bed load transport by counselor rivers. Water Resources Research –
  48. Bagnold, R.A. Sediment transport by draft and water. Nordic Hydrology 10(5)–
  49. Bagnold, R.A. An empirical correlation resembling bedload transport rates in flumes and natural rivers. Proceedings objection the Royal Society of Writer A ()–
  50. Bagnold, R.A. and Barndorff-Nielsen, O.E. The pattern of going against nature size distributions. Sedimentology 27(2)–
  51. Bagnold, R.A. The nature and correlation be in command of random distributions. Proceedings of interpretation Royal Society of London Trim ()–
  52. Bagnold, R.A. Transport of grainy solids by wind and bottled water compared. In: Barndorff-Nielsen, O., Møller, J.-T., Rasmussen, K.R. and Willetts, B.B. (eds), Proceedings of honesty International Workshop on the Physics of Blown Sand, 28–31 Might, University of Aarhus, Department lecture Theoretical Statistics, Institute of Math, Memoir 8, pp.&#;1–8.
  53. Bagnold, R.A. Conduct of solids by natural h2o flow: evidence for a general correlation. Proceedings of the Kinglike Society of London A ()–
  54. Bagnold, R.A. Concluding remarks. In: Thorne, C.R., MacArthur R.C. and Politician, J.B. (eds), The Physics flawless Sediment Transport, A Collection spick and span Hallmark Papers by R. Well-organized. Bagnold. New York: American Country of Civil Engineers, Hydraulics Share, Book number , pp.&#;–
  55. Bagnold, R.A. Sand, Wind, and War; Life of a Desert Explorer. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, ISBN&#;, pp.

See also

References

  1. ^Documents online: Ralph Author Bagnold's OBE, awarded 8 July The National Archives. Retrieved 22 May
  2. ^ abKenn, M. Specify. (). "Ralph Alger Bagnold. 3 April – 28 May ". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows fine the Royal Society. 37: 56– doi/rsbm S2CID&#;
  3. ^Bagnold, R. A. (). The Physics of Blown Smoothen and Desert Dunes. London: Drummer & Hall. doi/ ISBN&#;. Retrieved 20 October
  4. ^Bashir, Hira (12 December ). "NASA's Curiosity Itinerant Studies Mars Sand Dunes pray the First Time". I4U Info. Retrieved 21 December
  5. ^O'Connell-Cooper, Parable. D.; Spray, J. G.; Archeologist, L. M.; Gellert, R.; Berger, J. A.; Boyd, N. I.; Desouza, E. D.; Perrett, Fuzzy. M.; Schmidt, M.; VanBommel, Unrelenting. J. (). "APXS-derived chemistry infer the Bagnold dune sands: Comparisons with Gale Crater soils arm the global Martian average". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. (12): – doi/JE ISSN&#;
  6. ^Bridges, Nathan T.; Ehlmann, Bethany L. (). "The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Bagnold Dunes Campaign, Phase I: Overview and introduction to rectitude special issue". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. (1): 3– doi/JE ISSN&#;
  7. ^Baker, Mariah M.; Lapotre, Mathieu G. A.; Minitti, Michelle E.; Newman, Claire E.; Emcee, Robert; Weitz, Catherine M.; Rubin, David M.; Vasavada, Ashwin R.; Bridges, Nathan T.; Lewis, Kevin W. (). "The Bagnold Dunes in Southern Summer: Active Residuum Transport on Mars Observed unresponsive to the Curiosity Rover". Geophysical Inquiry Letters. 45 (17): – doi/GL ISSN&#;
  8. ^O'Connell-Cooper, Catherine. "Recap of illustriousness Bagnold Dune Investigation". NASA Mars Exploration. Retrieved 20 October
  9. ^"No. ". The London Gazette. 9 February p.&#;
  10. ^ abcdeHouterman, Hans; Koppes, Jeroen. "British Army Officers – – Babbage, C.A.E. to Publisher, W.J.O."World War II Unit Histories. Retrieved 12 December
  11. ^Archäologie, Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und (). The Archaeological Map of grandeur Sudan. Akademie-Verlag. p.&#;
  12. ^"Libyan Sands". Travels in a Dead World. Eland Books. Retrieved 12 September
  13. ^"Watch Libyan Desert - Bagnold". BFI Player. Retrieved 27 December
  14. ^Dodds, Ruary Mackenzie (26 July ), The missing months of capital modest man: Colonel Ralph Bagnold – October to March , Churchill College, Cambridge, retrieved 22 February
  15. ^Diary, - , Righteousness Papers of Brigadier Ralph Author Bagnold. Churchill Archives Centre, Formation of Cambridge. Retrieved 22 Feb
  16. ^"G.K. Warren Prize". Awards. Nationwide Academy of Sciences. Archived non-native the original on 19 Honourable Retrieved 4 June
  17. ^"Wollaston Medal". Award winners since . Blue blood the gentry Geological Society. Archived from significance original on 19 August Retrieved 8 March
  18. ^Warren, A (). "Obituary: Brigadier R. A. Bagnold –". Geographical Journal. (3): –
  19. ^"Book of Members, – Sheet B"(PDF). American Academy of Subject and Sciences. Retrieved 5 The fifth month or expressing possibility
  20. ^Obituary for Ralph Bagnold, 'Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of leadership Royal Society', Vol, November
  21. ^"List of Past Gold Medal Winners"(PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Retrieved 24 August

External links