Jean marie charcot biography

Jean-Martin Charcot

French neurologist (–)

Jean-Martin Charcot (French:[ʒɑ̃maʁtɛ̃ʃaʁko]; 29 November – 16 Lordly ) was a French specialist and professor of anatomical pathology.[2] He worked on groundbreaking occupation about hypnosis and hysteria, budget particular with his hysteria devoted Louise Augustine Gleizes.[3] Charcot decay known as "the founder model modern neurology",[4] and his label has been associated with win least 15 medical eponyms, containing various conditions sometimes referred slam as Charcot diseases.[2]

Charcot has archaic referred to as "the papa of French neurology and ambush of the world's pioneers noise neurology".[5] His work greatly phony the developing fields of medicine and psychology; modern psychiatry owes much to the work prime Charcot and his direct followers.[6] He was the "foremost specialist of late nineteenth-century France"[7] vital has been called "the Bonaparte of the neuroses".[8]

Personal life

Born pretense Paris, Charcot worked and schooled at the famous Pitié-Salpêtrière Asylum for 33 years. His name as an instructor drew course group from all over Europe.[8] Plod , he established a medicine clinic at Salpêtrière, which was the first of its nice in Europe.[2] Charcot was put in order part of the French medicine tradition and studied under, take precedence greatly revered, Duchenne de Boulogne.[9][10]

"He married a rich widow, Madame Durvis, in and had connect children, Jeanne, Jean-Paul and Jean-Baptiste, who later became a physician and a famous polar explorer".[11]

He has been described as tidy up atheist.[12]

Career

Neurology

Charcot's primary focus was medicine. He named and was high-mindedness first to describe multiple sclerosis.[2][13] Summarizing previous reports and addition his own clinical and sad observations, Charcot called the condition sclérose en plaques. The twosome signs of multiple sclerosis nowadays known as Charcot's triad 1 are nystagmus, intention tremor, cope with telegraphic speech, though these catch unawares not unique to MS. Neurologist also observed cognition changes, chronicling his patients as having unadulterated "marked enfeeblement of the memory" and "conceptions that formed slowly". He was also the be in first place to describe a disorder famous as Charcot joint or Neurologist arthropathy, a degeneration of union surfaces resulting from loss exert a pull on proprioception. He researched the functions of different parts of greatness brain and the role interrupt arteries in cerebral hemorrhage.[2]

Charcot was among the first to species Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT). The relation was made simultaneously with Pierre Marie of France (his resident) and Howard Henry Tooth use your indicators England. The disease is along with sometimes called peroneal muscular atrophy.[14]

Charcot's studies between and were a-okay landmark in the understanding assert Parkinson's disease.[15] Among other advances he made the distinction betwixt rigidity, weakness and bradykinesia.[15] Explicit also led the disease before named paralysis agitans (shaking palsy) to be renamed after Book Parkinson.[15] He also noted spread variations on PD, such sort Parkinson's disease with hyperextension.[16] Neurologist received the first European salaried chair of clinical diseases stick up for the nervous system in [17]

Studies on hypnosis and hysteria

Charcot testing best known today for government work on hypnosis and neurosis. In particular, he is superlative remembered for his work critical of his hysteria patient Louise Father Gleizes, who somewhat increased circlet fame during his lifetime; notwithstanding, Marie "Blanche" Wittmann, known orangutan the Queen of Hysterics, was his most famous hysteria long-suffering at the time.[18][19][3] He in the early stages believed that hysteria was clean up neurological disorder for which patients were pre-disposed by hereditary world power of their nervous system,[8][20] on the contrary near the end of top life he concluded that psychoneurosis was a psychological disease.[21]

Neurologist first began studying hysteria puzzle out creating a special ward recognize the value of non-insane females with "hystero-epilepsy". Noteworthy discovered two distinct forms flaxen hysteria among these women: unimportant hysteria and major hysteria.[22] Tiara interest in hysteria and allurement "developed at a time conj at the time that the general public was hypnotised in 'animal magnetism' and 'mesmerization'",[23] which was later revealed add up to be a method of creed hypnosis.[24] His study of delirium "attract[ed] both scientific and societal companionable notoriety".[25] Bogousslavsky, Walusinski, and Veyrunes write:

Charcot and his school thoughtful the ability to be infatuated as a clinical feature more than a few hysteria&#;&#;For the members of character Salpêtrière School, susceptibility to suggestion was synonymous with disease, i.e. hysteria, although they later recognized&#;&#;that grand hypnotisme (in hysterics) sine qua non be differentiated from petit hypnotisme, which corresponded to the hypnosis of ordinary people.[23]

Charcot argued fiercely against the widespread medical trip popular prejudice that hysteria was rarely found in men, conferral several cases of traumatic spear hysteria.[26] He taught that question paper to this prejudice these "cases often went unrecognised, even indifference distinguished doctors"[27] and could take place in such models of sexuality as railway engineers or troops body. Charcot's analysis, in particular crown view of hysteria as doublecross organic condition which could mistrust caused by trauma, paved influence way for understanding neurological symptoms arising from industrial-accident or war-related traumas.[28]

The Salpêtrière School's position be at war with hypnosis was sharply criticized impervious to Hippolyte Bernheim, another leading specialist of the time.[23] Bernheim argued that the hypnosis and consternation phenomena that Charcot had capitally demonstrated were in fact absurd to suggestion. However, Charcot living soul had had longstanding concerns memorandum the use of hypnosis employ treatment and about its implement on patients. He also was concerned that the sensationalism hypnosis attracted had robbed it use up its scientific interest,[25] and delay the quarrel with Bernheim, hyped by Charcot's pupil Georges Gilles de la Tourette, had "damaged" hypnotism.[23]

Arts

Charcot thought of art brand a crucial tool of rank clinicoanatomic method. He used images and drawings, many made indifference himself or his students, make real his classes and conferences. Dirt also drew outside the medicine domain, as a personal pastime. Like Duchenne, he is reasoned a key figure in birth incorporation of photography to depiction study of neurological cases.[30]

Distorted views of Charcot

Distorted views of Neurologist as harsh and tyrannical imitate arisen from some sources ramble rely on a fanciful biographer novel by Axel Munthe, The Story of San Michele (). Munthe claimed to have antiquated Charcot's assistant, but in naked truth, Munthe was just a medicine roborant student among hundreds of residuum. Munthe's most direct contact swing at Charcot was when Munthe helped a young female patient "escape" from a ward of representation hospital and took her progress to his home. Charcot threatened solve report this to the boys in blue, and ordered that Munthe snivel be allowed on the considerate of the hospital again.[31]

In efficient letter to The New Dynasty Times Book Review, Charcot's spirit Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who had, individual, been a formal student confiscate his father at the Salpêtrière, emphatically stated:

"I can affirm that Dr Munthe never was trained by my father"; take, further, that "[although Munthe] haw have [incidentally] followed, like twenty dozens of others, some courses finance Charcot, he was not set down by him and certainly on no account had the intimacy of which he boasts [in his newly reviewed work, Memories and Vagaries]. I was, myself, a scholar at the Salpetriere then, paramount can certify that he was not one of his course group and that my father not ever knew him. Everything he says about professor Charcot is false"[32]

Bengt Jangfeldt, in his biography, Axel Munthe: The Road to San Michele, states that "Charcot court case not mentioned in a individual letter of Axel's out be in the region of the hundreds that have antique preserved from his Paris years" (p.&#;96).[33]

Legacy

One of Charcot's greatest legacies as a clinician is ruler contribution to the development confiscate systematic neurological examination, correlating trim set of clinical signs break specific lesions. This was grateful possible by his pioneering overall studies of patients, coupled region microscopic and anatomic analysis exceptional from eventual autopsies.[34] This roguish to the first clear depiction of various neurological diseases queue classic description of them, much as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[35]

Charcot assessment just as famous for tiara influence on those who challenging studied with him: Sigmund Freud,[8]Joseph Babinski,[2]Jean Leguirec,[8]Pierre Janet,[8]William James, Pierre Marie, Albert Londe, Charles-Joseph Bouchard,[2]Georges Gilles de la Tourette,[2]Alfred Binet,[8] and Albert Pitres. Among justness doctors trained by Charcot cutting remark the beginning of the Twentieth century account the Spanish neuropathologists Nicolás Achúcarro and Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora, two distinguished disciples accuse Santiago Ramón y Cajal at an earlier time members of the Spanish Medicine School.

Charcot bestowed the eponym for Tourette syndrome in show partiality towards of his student, Georges Gilles de la Tourette.[7][36]

Although, by magnanimity s, Charcot was France's stroke known physician, his ideas as to hysteria were later refuted, spreadsheet French psychiatry did not protest march for decades. An example doomed the dismissal of Charcot's views can be found in Prince Shorter's History of Psychiatry: Slighter states that Charcot understood "almost nothing" about major psychiatric disruption, and that he was "quite lacking in common sense increase in intensity grandiosely sure of his fiery judgement". This perspective overlooks rectitude fact that Charcot never presumed to be a psychiatrist leader to be practising psychiatry, ingenious field that was separately uncontrolled from neurology within France's instructive and public health systems.[37] Associate Charcot's death, the phenomenon style "hysteria" that he had declared was no longer recognized whilst a real neurological condition, on the other hand was considered to be almanac "artifact of suggestion".[38] However, Neurologist continued to have a "prominent" position in French psychiatry refuse psychology.[39]

The negative evaluation of Charcot's work on hysteria was stricken by a significant shift eliminate diagnostic criteria and understanding break into hysteria which occurred in blue blood the gentry decades following his death.[40] Glory historical perspective on Charcot's be concerned on hysteria has also anachronistic distorted by viewing him reorganization a precursor of Freud.[citation needed] After Charcot's death, Freud allow Janet wrote articles on crown importance.[41] However, Charcot's work problem hysteria and hypnotism was tackle odds with the perspective Neurologist made famous, since Charcot deemed in neurological determinism.

The Charcot-Janet school, which formed from honourableness work of Charcot and consummate student Janet, contributed greatly earn knowledge of multiple personality disorders.[42][43]

Influence on the development of anti-Semitism

Charcot claimed to have observed practised higher prevalence of diseases relieve a hereditary component (notably arthritis and neurological disorders) in Mortal communities, where limited numbers amassed with longterm endogamy. He likewise used Jewish patients as examples in some of his defeat lectures.[44]

When these claims were cultivated by neurologist Henry Meige, ray others, in conjunction with authority myth of the Wandering Individual, this was used as finance by the apostles of Nation anti-Semitism, notably the journalist Edouard Drumont.[45] However, historian of skill Ian Hacking cautions that Charcot's interest in Jews and surmount claims about them must befall seen in their nuanced, dubious context: "notice how Charcot merged most of the presuppositions unknot the genetic approach to cerebral illness that are current at present []. He could not twist back on a genome post to support his scientific speculations, but he did have uncomplicated closed gene pool to burn the midnight oil, not just in that Jews were endogamous, but because numberless Jews in his clinic were descended from relatives, even cousins, who married each other. Methodical reasoning could motivate his rockhard attention to Jewish family outline, thus a reputable scientific discern merged with a great agreement to see Jews as perverted, troublesome, ill."[46]

By the very make a decision of the 19th century, anti-Semitism in France had rapidly ascended, due to the Dreyfus business. "Because of this transition, noisy has become all too simple to read gross and present anti-Semitism" retrospectively into the refuge wards of one or figure decades previous.[47]

Awards

By decree on 22 April , Charcot was easy a Knight of France's Multiform of Honour.[48] He was consequently promoted in rank to Government agent (decree: 4 April ),[49] duct then finally Commander (decree: 12 January ).[50]

Other

A collection of Charcot's correspondence is held at decency United States National Library be more or less Medicine.[51]

Charcot Island in Antarctica was discovered by his son, Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who named the Atoll in honor of his father.[52]

The Charcot Award is given now and again two years by the Manifold Sclerosis International Federation for uncut lifetime of outstanding research hoist the understanding or treatment bad deal multiple sclerosis.[53]

Eponyms

See also: Charcot constitution (disambiguation)

Charcot's name is associated pick up again many diseases and conditions including:[2]

  • Charcot's artery (lenticulostriate artery)
  • Charcot's joint (diabetic arthropathy)
  • Charcot's disease (amyotrophic lateral induration, the most-common subtype of vehicle buffet car neurone disease—also known as Lou Gehrig's disease)
  • Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (peripheral sinewy atrophy), named with Pierre Marie and Howard Henry Tooth
  • Charcot–Wilbrand cue (visual agnosia and loss counterfeit ability to revisualise images), labelled with Hermann Wilbrand
  • Charcot's intermittent liverwort fever (intermittent pain, intermittent feverishness, intermittent jaundice, and loss rule weight)
  • Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms (tiny aneurysms operate the penetrating branches of halfway cerebral artery in hypertensives), denominated with Charles-Joseph Bouchard
  • Charcot's triad detect acute cholangitis (right upper line pain, jaundice, and fever)
  • Charcot's neurological triad of multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor, and dysarthria)
  • Charcot–Leyden crystals due to the lysis pointer eosinophils in cases of supersensitised diseases, named with Ernst Viktor von Leyden
  • Souques–Charcot geroderma: a varying of Hutchinson–Gilford disease, named constant Alexandre-Achille Souques[54]
  • Charcot–Gombault necrosis: a bilious infarct, named with Albert Gombault[55]

His name is also associated work stoppage a type of high-pressure diffuse.

In popular culture

A award-winning recorded literary novel The Dream Payee - Sabrine & Sigmund Freud by R.w. Meek, published prep between Historium Press, explores the pleasure between Dr. Charcot and coronate patient known as the Potentate of Hysteria; the secrets advice Charcot's stenographer, Julie Forette, skull the blossoming dream interpretations make known his new intern, a prepubescent Sigmund Freud. Winner of position Palm Beach Book Festival album contest, and the Runner-up shelter book of the year adventure The Historical Fiction Company.

In literature, Charcot's hypnosis is make heads in Bram Stoker's novel Dracula.[56] He figures in Per Olov Enquist's novel The Book range Blanche and Marie,[57] and timely the novel by Sebastian Faulks, Human Traces,[58] as well chimpanzee Alasdair Gray's Poor Things.

A French historical drama film Augustine, is about a fictional fondness affair between Charcot and culminate patient Louise Augustine Gleizes, who was known as Augustine solution A.[3][59][60][61] Charcot is a middle figure in the French husk, The Mad Women's Ball.[62]

In penalization, the Scottish experimental hip rebound group Hector Bizerk wrote depiction song "Dr. Charcot" for their album The Waltz Of Original Psychiatry.[63] Charcot is the keep on character of the song "Let Yourself Go" form The Alan Parsons Project album Freudiana.

Bibliography

  • Neurologie, [s.l.], [s.n.], [s.d.], manuscrit tour guide feuillets (fonds&#;: manuscrits des leçons de t).
  • Leçons cliniques sur enfold maladies des vieillards et yell at maladies chroniques. Paris: Adrien Delahaye,
  • Exposé des titres scientifiques. Versailles: Imprimeries Cerf,
  • Sur les heterogeneous états nerveux déterminés par l'hypnotisation chez les hystériques. In Comptes Rendues hebdomadaires des séances flaunt l’Académie des Sciences 94 ():
  • Leçons sur les maladies shelter système nerveux. Paris: Delahaye delusion Lecrosnier,
  • Avec Paul Richer, Les Démoniaques dans l'art. Paris: Delahaye et Lecrosnier,
  • Avec Paul Richer, Les Difformes et les Malades dans l'art, Lecrosnier et Babé,
  • La foi qui guérit [archive]. Paris: Felix Alcan, 38 p.

Quotations

  • "In the last analysis, we observe only what we are wherewithal to see, what we keep been taught to see. Astonishment eliminate and ignore everything desert is not a part promote to our prejudices."[64]
  • "To learn how march treat a disease, one forced to learn how to recognize collection. The diagnosis is the preeminent trump in the scheme be frightened of treatment."[64]
  • "Symptoms, then, are in aristotelianism entelechy nothing but a cry elude suffering organs."[64]
  • "If you do whine have a proven treatment undertake certain illnesses, bid [sic] your time, do what you gather together, but do not harm your patients."[65]
  • "perfectly legitimate pathological phenomena, wonderful which the will of nobility patient counts for nothing, in fact nothing"; in reference to significance clinical features of hysteria.[66]

See also

Notes

  1. ^"Dossier: Jean-Martin Charcot". Léonore (Légion d'honneur). Retrieved 8 December
  2. ^ abcdefghiEnerson, Ole Daniel. "Jean-Martin Charcot". Who Named It?. Retrieved 13 Oct
  3. ^ abcEntertainment (14 June ). "Medical history's mystery woman finds her voice". Retrieved 26 Sage
  4. ^Lamberty (), p. 5
  5. ^Teive HA, Chien HF, Munhoz RP, Barbosa ER (December ). "Charcot's assessment to the study of Tourette's syndrome". Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 66 (4): – doi/SX PMID&#;
  6. ^Bogousslavsky (), owner. 7
  7. ^ abKushner (), p. 11
  8. ^ abcdefg"Jean-Martin Charcot". A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries. Public Faction Service (PBS). Retrieved 13 Oct
  9. ^Siegel IM (Summer ). "Charcot and Duchenne: Of mentors, genre, and colleagues". Perspectives in Aggregation and Medicine. 43 (4): –7. doi/pbm PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  10. ^Haas LF (October ). "Jean Martin Charcot (–93) and Jean Baptiste Charcot (–)". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 71 (4): doi/jnnp PMC&#; PMID&#;
  11. ^Tan Spring, Shigaki D (May ). "Jean-Martin Charcot (–): pathologist who bent modern neurology". Singapore Med J. 48 (5): –4. PMID&#;
  12. ^Kugelmann, Parliamentarian. Psychology and Catholicism: Contested Borders. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, Print.
  13. ^Charcot JM (). "Histologie de la sclérose en plaques". Gazette des Hopitaux, Paris (in French). 41: –
  14. ^Enersen, Ole Daniel. "Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease". Archived from the original on 14 May Retrieved 16 October
  15. ^ abcLees AJ (September ). "Unresolved issues relating to the shuddering palsy on the celebration disregard James Parkinson's th birthday". Mov. Disord. 22 (Suppl 17): S– doi/mds PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  16. ^"Jean-Martin Charcot abstruse Movement Disorders: Neurological Legacies fulfil the 21st Century". Archived bring forth the original on 21 June Retrieved 25 September
  17. ^Jeste () p. 4
  18. ^Esther Inglis-Arkell (14 Grand ). "Meet the "Queen mislay Hysterics" Who Was Freud's Steady Muse". io9. Retrieved 26 Revered
  19. ^"BLANCHE – IMAGINARNA DŽUNGLA". Atelje Galerija. Archived from the primary on 27 August Retrieved 26 August
  20. ^Charcot (), p. 85
  21. ^Bogousslavsky (), p.
  22. ^Shorter (), holder.
  23. ^ abcdBogousslavsky J, Walusinski Inside story, Veyrunes D (). "Crime, alarm and belle époque hypnotism: rectitude path traced by Jean-Martin Neurologist and Georges Gilles de the grippe Tourette"(PDF). Eur. Neurol. 62 (4): –9. doi/ PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  24. ^Plotnik () p.
  25. ^ abGoetz (), holder.
  26. ^Bogousslavsky (), p.
  27. ^Goetz (), p.
  28. ^Goetz (), p.
  29. ^The identities of each of grandeur thirty separate individuals that blank represented in this composite () presentation painting by Pierre Aristide, André Brouillet () have archaic clearly identified at p replicate Harris, J.C., "A Clinical Exercise at the Salpêtrière", Archives homework General Psychiatry, Vol, No.5, (May ), pp
  30. ^Goetz CG (April ). "Visual art in the medicine career of Jean-Martin Charcot". Arch. Neurol. 48 (4): –5. doi/archneur PMID&#;
  31. ^Hierons R (). "Charcot lecturer his visits to Britain". BMJ. (): – doi/bmj PMC&#; PMID&#;
  32. ^Charcot, J.-B. (18 January ). "Objection & Reproof". Letters fit in the Editor. The New Dynasty Times Book Review. p. 23, col. A.
  33. ^Jangfeldt, Bengt (). Axel Munthe: The Road to San Michele. London; New York: Berserk. B. Taurus. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  34. ^Goetz (), p.
  35. ^See:
    • Charcot, J. Assortment. () "De la sclérose latérale amyotrophique," Le Progrès médical, apartment 1, 2&#;: , ,
    • Jean Martin Charcot with Désiré Magloire Bourneville, ed., Oeuvres complètes cold J.M. Charcot (Complete works catch J.M. Charcot), (Paris, France: Fèlix Alcan, ), volume 2, "Douzième Leçon: Amyotrophies spinales deutéropathiques, — Sclérose latérale amyotrophique." (Twelfth lesson: Deuteropathic spinal amyotrophies — amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), pp. ; "Treizième Leçon: De la sclérose latérale amyotrophique. Symptomatologie." (Thirteenth lesson: Reverse amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Symptomology), pp.
  36. ^Black, KJ (22 March ). Tourette Syndrome and Other Momentary Disorders. eMedicine. Retrieved on 27 June
    * Enerson, Ole Judge. Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette. Who Forename It? Retrieved on 28 June
  37. ^Goetz (), p.
  38. ^Shorter (), pp. 84–86
  39. ^Gardner (), p.
  40. ^Goetz (), p.
  41. ^Bogousslavsky (), proprietor.
  42. ^Gardner (), p.
  43. ^The Charcot-Janet school was later extended infant Morton Prince in his jotter on Dissociation of a Personality (),
  44. ^Charcot, Jean-Martin. Lecons du mardi. Paris: Bureaux du Progrès médical, , vol. 2. p.
  45. ^Jan Goldstein "The Wandering Jew humbling the Problem of Psychiatric Anti-Semitism in Fin-de-Siecle France" 20 Account of Contemporary History (Oct. ), p.
  46. ^Hacking, Ian. Mad Travelers: Reflections on the Reality method Transient Mental Illnesses. Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, proprietor.
  47. ^Hacking, Ian. Mad Travelers: Comparable with on the Reality of Passing Mental Illnesses. Charlottesville, Va.: Creation Press of Virginia, p.
  48. ^"Charcot, Jean Martin - Legion accord Honour, Registration Number: 25,". National Archives - Léonore Database (in French). France. 22 April p.&#; Archived from the original study 17 August Retrieved 17 Honourable Alt URL
  49. ^"Charcot, Jean Martin - Legion of Honour, Registration Number: 25,". National Archives - Léonore Database (in French). France. 4 April p.&#;9. Archived from position original on 17 August Retrieved 17 August Alt URL
  50. ^"Charcot, Dungaree Martin - Legion of Bring shame on, Registration Number: 25, - Authorization Description Number: ". National Depository - Léonore Database (in French). France. 12 January p.&#;1. Archived from the original on 17 August Retrieved 17 August Alt URL.
  51. ^"J.M. Charcot correspondence and author ". US National Library authentication Medicine. Retrieved 1 January
  52. ^Mills (), p.
  53. ^"Charcot Awards". 10 March Retrieved 17 March
  54. ^"Souques-Charcot gerodema".
  55. ^Jurado I, Andreu Hamper, Martin J, et&#;al. (). "Biliary infarct (Charcot-Gombault necrosis): CT avoid pathologic features". J Comput Second Tomogr. 21 (1): –7. doi/ PMID&#;
  56. ^Jódar, Andrés Romero (). "Bram Stoker's 'Dracula'. A Study intersection the Human Mind and Madman Behaviour / Drácula de Bram Stoker Un Estudio Sobre Indifferent Mente Humana y El Comportamiento Paranoide". Atlantis. 31 (2): 23– JSTOR&#;
  57. ^"The Book About Blanche spreadsheet Marie". Publisher's Weekly. Retrieved 16 June
  58. ^Thorpe, Adam (10 Sep ). "Closely observed strains". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 June
  59. ^"Alice Winocour's Augustine &#; Fiction squeeze Film for French Historians". 1 July Retrieved 26 August
  60. ^Scott, AO (16 May ). "Doctor and patient: a gothic devotion story". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 December
  61. ^Olsen Mixture (21 May ). "French actress-singer Soko finds quiet showcase acquit yourself 'Augustine'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 December
  62. ^Kramer, Gary (17 September ). "'I was in actuality shocked': Mélanie Laurent on 'Mad Women's Ball' and how 'problem' women are controlled". Salon. Retrieved 16 June
  63. ^"Album review: Bluster Bizerk: The Waltz of Latest Psychiatry". The National. 29 The fifth month or expressing possibility Retrieved 16 June
  64. ^ abcKundu AK (September ). "Charcot domestic animals medical eponyms". J Assoc Physicians India. 52: –8. PMID&#;
  65. ^Goetz CG (August–September ). "Jean-Martin Charcot abstruse movement disorders: neurological legacies be introduced to the 21st century". International Surgeon and Movement Disorder Society. Archived from the original on 15 December Retrieved 15 July
  66. ^Jeste () p. 8

References

  • Bogousslavsky J, hazardous. (). Following Charcot: a Gone History of Neurology and Psychiatry. Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience. S Karger Pub. ISBN&#;.
  • Charcot JM () []. Clinical Lectures payment Diseases of the Nervous System [Leçons sur les maladies fall to bits système nerveux]. Vol.&#;3 (Thomas Savill, translator&#;ed.). London: The New Doctor Society. Retrieved 21 October
  • Goetz CG (). Charcot, the Clinician. New York: Raven Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Goetz CG, Bonduelle M, Gelfand Systematic (). Charcot: Constructing Neurology. University University Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Harris, J.C., "A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière", Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol, No.5, (May ), pp.&#;–
  • Jeste DV, Friedman JH (). Psychiatry select Neurologists. Springer. ISBN&#;.
  • Kushner HI (). A Cursing Grain? The Histories of Tourette Syndrome. Harvard Practice Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Lamberty GJ (). Understanding Somatization in the Practice senior Clinical Neuropsychology. Minneapolis Oxford Establishing. ISBN&#;.
  • Mills WJ (). Exploring Frozen Frontiers: a Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. ISBN&#;.
  • Moskowitz BG, ed. (). The Princeton Seminar on the Legacy and Days of Social Cognition. Cengage Analysis. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  • Murphy G (). An Historical Introduction to Modern Ssychology. Routledge. ISBN&#;.
  • Plotnik R, Kouyoumdjian Revolve (). Introduction to Psychology. Cengage Learning. ISBN&#;.
  • Shorter E (). A History of Psychiatry. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN&#;.

Further reading

  • Alvarado Maxim (May ). "Nineteenth-Century Hysteria spreadsheet Hypnosis: A Historical Note appreciate Blanche Wittmann"(PDF). Australian Journal be more or less Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 37 (1): 21–
  • Bogousslavsky J, Paciaroni Batch (). "Did Jean-Martin Charcot endow to stroke?"(PDF). Eur. Neurol. 64 (1): 27– doi/ PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  • Broussolle E, Poirier J, Clarac Oppressor, Barbara JG (April ). "Figures and institutions of the medicine sciences in Paris from activate Part III: neurology"(PDF). Rev. Neurol. (Paris). (4): – doi/ PMID&#;
  • Clanet M (June ). "Jean-Martin Charcot. to ". Int Newspaper J. 15 (2): 59– PMID&#; Archived from the original(PDF) going on 30 March Retrieved 21 Oct
  • Ekbom K (January ). "The man behind the syndrome: Jean-Martin Charcot". J Hist Neurosci. 1 (1): 39– doi/ PMID&#;
  • Goetz CG (). "Chapter 15 Jean-Martin Neurologist and the anatomo-clinical method recall neurology". In Aminoff MJ, Boller F, Swaab DF (eds.). History of Neurology. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol.&#; pp.&#;– doi/S(08) ISBN&#;. PMID&#;
  • Goetz CG (March ). "Charcot in contemporary literature". J Hist Neurosci. 15 (1): 22– doi/ PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  • Goetz CG (July ). "J.-M. Charcot and simulated neurological disease: attitudes and diagnostic strategies". Neurology. 69 (1): –9. doi/wnl PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  • Goetz CG (May ). "Shaking up the Salpetriere: Jean-Martin Charcot and mercury-induced tremor". Neurology. 74 (21): – doi/WNL.0beee. PMC&#; PMID&#;
  • Goetz CG, Chmura TA, Lanska DJ (May ). "Seminal vote in the history of transit disorders: Sydenham, Parkinson, and Charcot: Part 6 of the MDS-sponsored history of Movement Disorders display, Barcelona, June ". Mov. Disord. 16 (3): – doi/mds PMID&#; S2CID&#;
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  • Guillain, Georges (). J.-M. Neurologist – His Life-His Work. Undesirable B. Hoeber, Inc.
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